I-Schopenhauer kanye neFilosofi Yentando
U-Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) wayengomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezibaluleke kakhulu zekhulu le-19. Umcabango wakhe wathonya kakhulu imikhakha eyahlukene, kusukela kufilosofi kanye nesayensi yezengqondo kuya kwezobuciko kanye nezincwadi. Omunye wemibono eyinhloko kufilosofi yakhe umqondo "wentando," osebenza njengesisekelo kanye nesikhungo sayo yonke inkolelo-mbono yakhe ye-metaphysical. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ifilosofi kaSchopenhauer yentando, imiqondo yayo eyinhloko, kanye nethonya layo emcabangweni wanamuhla.
Umlando Omfushane
U-Arthur Schopenhauer wazalwa ngomhlaka-22 kuNhlolanja 1788, eDanzig (manje eyiGdańsk, ePoland). Uyise wayengumthengisi ocebile, kanti unina wayengumbhali odumile. Imfundo yakhe yokuqala yayihloselwe ukulandela ezinyathelweni zikayise ezweni lezentengiselwano, kodwa ngemva kokushona kukayise, uSchopenhauer wagxila kakhulu ezifundweni zemfundo, ikakhulukazi ifilosofi.
Wafunda emanyuvesi amaningana adumile aseJalimane, okuhlanganisa i-University of Göttingen kanye ne-University of Berlin. Lapho, wafunda imisebenzi ka- Immanuel Kant , eyanikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokucabanga kwakhe okungaphezu kwemvelo. Ngo-1818, uSchopenhauer washicilela umsebenzi wakhe odumile kakhulu, i-“Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung” (Umhlaba njengeNtando kanye nokuMelelwa), owaba umbhalo oyisisekelo encazelweni yakhe yefilosofi yentando.
Umqondo Wentando Kufilosofi KaSchopenhauer
Ngokusho kukaSchopenhauer, umhlaba uhlukaniswe ngezici ezimbili: izimo (umhlaba njengomfanekiso) kanye no-noumena (umhlaba njengokuthanda).
1. Umhlaba Njengomeleli:
Kulo mqondo, uSchopenhauer ulandela ezinyathelweni zika Immanuel Kant okusho ukuthi umhlaba esiwubonayo uwumkhiqizo wemibono yethu kanye nezakhiwo zokuqonda. Umhlaba njengesifanekiso yiwo umhlaba njengoba siwubona ngamandla okucabanga kwethu kanye nezinzwa zethu. Lo mhlaba uhlelwe ngesikhala, isikhathi, kanye nokuba khona—zonke izigaba ezichazwa yingqondo ngokwayo.
2. Umhlaba Njengokuthanda:
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu sefilosofi kaSchopenhauer umqondo wakhe womhlaba njengentando. Waphikisana ngokuthi ngemuva kwazo zonke izethulo kukhona amandla ayisisekelo awabiza ngokuthi "intando." Le ntando ayisiyo enengqondo noma engokokuziphatha, kodwa kunalokho ingamandla angaboni futhi angenangqondo ayisisekelo sazo zonke izimo emhlabeni.
Ngokusho kukaSchopenhauer, lokhu kuyintando akuyona nje into ebangela indlala nenkanuko, kodwa futhi iyimandla angokwemvelo akhona kuzo zonke izinto zemvelo kanye nezimo. Intando iyingqikithi yeqiniso ngokwalo. Isibonelo, umuthi uyakhula futhi uthuthuke hhayi ngoba unenjongo, kodwa ngoba kukhona into ebangela imvelo ewenza ukhule.
Ukuhlupheka Nokuphila
USchopenhauer wayenombono ongemuhle kakhulu ngokuphila komuntu. Kuye, ukuphila kwakuwuchungechunge lokuhlupheka okungapheli. Isifiso sishukumisela abantu ukuba bahlale befisa izinto, futhi lezi zifiso ziveza ukuhlupheka. Lapho izifiso zigcwaliseka, ukwaneliseka kuba okwesikhashana nje, futhi izifiso ezintsha ziyazalwa ngokushesha, okubangela ukuhlupheka okwengeziwe.
Wahlukanisa impilo yomuntu yaba yizimo ezimbili: ukuhlushwa ukuswela kanye nokuhlushwa isithukuthezi. Esimweni sokuswela, abantu bahlushwa ukungakwazi ukufeza izifiso zabo. Kodwa-ke, lapho izifiso zigcwaliseka, kuvela isithukuthezi, okubangela izifiso ezintsha, njalo njalo.
Isixazululo sikaSchopenhauer
Naphezu kwemibono yakhe yokungabi nathemba okukhulu, uSchopenhauer unikeza izindlela eziningana zokunqoba ukuhlupheka okubangelwa yintando:
1. Ubuhle:
USchopenhauer waphikisana ngokuthi ubuciko, ikakhulukazi umculo, kuyindlela yokuzikhulula entandweni. Ngokuhlangenwe nakho kobuhle, abantu bangafinyelela esimweni sokuhlukana nesifiso nokuhlupheka, noma ngabe okwesikhashana nje. Ngokusho kukaSchopenhauer, umculo uyindlela yobuciko emsulwa kakhulu ngoba awumeli lutho ngaphandle kwamandla entando uqobo.
2. Ukuzidela:
Enye indlela yokuphunyuka ekubanjweni yintando ukuzincisha ukudla, noma ukuyeka izifiso zezwe. Ngokwamukela impilo elula nokwenqaba izinjabulo zezwe, umuntu angafinyelela ukukhanyiselwa futhi anciphise ukuhlupheka. USchopenhauer uvame ukubhekisela ezimfundisweni zenkolo zaseMpumalanga ezifana nobuBuddha nobuHindu, ezigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuyeka izifiso.
3. Uthando:
Ngokusho kukaSchopenhauer, ububele ngezinye izidalwa eziphilayo bungaba yindlela yokuphuma ekuhluphekeni. Ngokuzwa uzwela nozwela, abantu banganciphisa ukuqina kwezifiso ezigxile ku-ego kanye nokuzikhathalela.
Ithonya likaSchopenhauer
Umcabango kaSchopenhauer wawunethonya elikhulu nelijulile. Friedrich Nietzsche, uSigmund Freud, uRichard Wagner, ngisho no-Albert Einstein bangabanye babantu abakhulu abathonywa imibono yakhe.
1. UNietzsche:
Nakuba uNietzsche kamuva athatha isiqondiso esihlukile kwifilosofi yakhe, waphefumulelwa kakhulu yimisebenzi kaSchopenhauer. UNietzsche wamukela imibono eminingi yentando kodwa wabe eseyithuthukisa yaba “yintando yamandla.”
2. UFreud:
Imibono kaSchopenhauer ngentando nokuhlupheka yaba nethonya elikhulu ekuhlaziyeni kwengqondo kukaFreud. Imibono efana ne-id, i-ego, kanye ne-superego ingabonakala njengezibonakaliso zomzabalazo phakathi kwentando neqiniso.
3. UWagner:
Umqambi wezingoma waseJalimane uRichard Wagner naye waphefumulelwa ukuqonda kukaSchopenhauer umculo njengokubonakaliswa kwentando. UWagner wabona umculo njengendlela engadlula imikhawulo yolimi futhi ithinte ingqikithi ejulile yokuphila.
Isiphetho
U-Arthur Schopenhauer wayeyisazi sefilosofi esashiya uphawu olujulile emlandweni wefilosofi kanye nomcabango womuntu. Ifilosofi yakhe yentando ikhanyisa izici ezijulile zokuphila komuntu ezivame ukunganakwa, njengemvelo engenangqondo yesifiso kanye nesimo esihlala njalo sokuhlupheka.
Naphezu kwemibono yakhe yokuphelelwa yithemba, uSchopenhauer wanikeza abantu izindlela zokuthola inkululeko ekuhluphekeni ngobuciko, ukuzincisha, kanye nozwela. Imisebenzi yakhe iyaqhubeka nokufundwa nokufundwa, okufakazela ukubaluleka kanye nobude besikhathi somcabango wakhe ezweni lanamuhla.
Ifilosofi kaSchopenhauer yentando ayiyona nje indawo entsha ku-metaphysics, kodwa futhi iyisibuko esisiphoqa ukuthi sizibuke futhi sibuze izisusa ezijulile zezenzo nezifiso zethu. Leli yifa elenza u-Arthur Schopenhauer abe ngumuntu obalulekile emlandweni wemicabango yabantu.
