Umqondo Wobulungiswa Kwifilosofi Yezepolitiki
Ubulungiswa bungomunye wemibono eyisisekelo kakhulu kwifilosofi yezepolitiki. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube sesikhathini sanamuhla, ifilosofi yezepolitiki iye yazama ukuchaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini ubulungiswa nokuthi umphakathi kufanele uhlelwe kanjani ukuze kufezwe izimiso zawo. Izazi zefilosofi eziningi zinikeze imibono echaza ubulungiswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umqondo wobulungiswa ngokusho kwezazi zefilosofi eziningana ezivelele, okubalwa kuzo uPlato, u-Aristotle, uJohn Rawls, no-Amartya Sen.
Ubulungiswa Ngokombono KaPlato No-Aristotle
UPlato, omunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni waseNtshonalanga, wayebheka ubulungiswa njengenye yezimfanelo eziyinhloko abantu nezizwe okufanele balwele ukuzifeza. Emsebenzini wakhe odumile, othi “The Republic,” uPlato wathi ubulungiswa yisimo lapho umuntu ngamunye emphakathini enza khona imisebenzi ehambisana namakhono akhe futhi engaphazamisi imisebenzi yabanye. Ngokusho kukaPlato, umphakathi uzoba nobulungiswa uma umuntu ngamunye kanye neqembu lomphakathi benza imisebenzi yabo kahle. Isibonelo esibi kakhulu salokhu kucabanga umqondo “wezigaba” emphakathini, lapho ababusi abasekelwe kwifilosofi, ezempi, kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi bonke benemisebenzi ethile okufanele bayifeze.
U-Aristotle, umfundi kaPlato kodwa futhi ongumgxeki wakhe, wanikeza umbono ohlukile ngobulungiswa. Ku-"Nicomachean Ethics" yakhe kanye ne-"Politics," u-Aristotle wethula imiqondo yobulungiswa bokusabalalisa kanye nobulungiswa bokubuyisela. Ubulungiswa bokusabalalisa, ngokusho kuka-Aristotle, bugxile ekwabiweni kwezimpahla kanye nezinsiza emphakathini ngokusekelwe "ebuhleni" noma "esidingweni." Okwamanje, ubulungiswa bokubuyisela buphathelene nendlela yokujezisa ukwephulwa komthetho. U-Aristotle wabona ubulungiswa njengokulinganisela nokuzwana, lapho umuntu ngamunye ethola "okufanele" ngokusekelwe emnikelweni wakhe emphakathini.
Ubulungiswa Bezenhlalo Ngokusho kukaJohn Rawls
Ekhulwini lama-20, uJohn Rawls waba negalelo elikhulu kwifilosofi yezepolitiki ngenkolelo-mbono yakhe yobulungiswa “njengobulungiswa.” Encwadini yakhe ethi “A Theory of Justice” (1971), uRawls wethula izimiso ezimbili ezidumile zobulungiswa. Isimiso sokuqala yi-Liberty Principle, ethi wonke umuntu unelungelo elilinganayo lenkululeko eyisisekelo ebanzi kakhulu, engenakuncishiswa ngaphandle kokuthi leyo nkululeko isongela inkululeko yabanye. Isimiso sesibili yi-Difference Principle, ethi ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kufanele kuhlelwe ukuze kuhlinzeke ngenzuzo enkulu kwabangenanzuzo futhi kuhlobene nezikhundla nezikhundla ezivulekele wonke umuntu.
URawls usebenzisa umqondo owaziwa ngokuthi “isihenqo sokungazi” ukuchaza ubulungiswa bakhe. Isihenqo sokungazi yisimo esicatshangelwayo lapho abantu bakha khona izimiso zobulungiswa ngaphandle kokwazi isikhundla sabo emphakathini, ingcebo, amakhono, noma isikhundla emphakathini. Bengazi isikhundla sabo, laba bantu bazothambekela ekukhetheni izimiso ezifanele nezizuzisa wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nalabo abangebona abazuzisayo.
Ukwakhiwa Kobulungiswa kuka-Amartya Sen
U-Amartya Sen, isazi sezomnotho nesazi sefilosofi sekhulu lama-20 nelama-21, unikeze ukugxekwa kwenkolelo-mbono kaRawls yobulungiswa ngombono osebenzayo. Encwadini yakhe ethi "The Idea of Justice" (2009), uSen waphikisana ngokuthi imibono yobulungiswa akufanele isebenze nje njengezibonelo ezinhle ezihlukanisiwe neqiniso elingokoqobo. USen wethule umqondo wendlela yokukwazi, ogcizelela amakhono abantu angempela okwenza nokufeza izinto ekuphileni kwabo. Le ndlela igxile "emathubeni angempela" abantu abanawo okuthuthukisa amandla abo nokufeza injabulo.
USen uthi ubulungiswa kufanele bubhekwe njengeqoqo lezinketho zomphakathi ezibhekana nezici ezingokoqobo zokuphila kwansuku zonke, njengemfundo, impilo, kanye nenkululeko yezepolitiki. Ugcizelela nokubaluleka kwengxoxo yomphakathi kanye nokuhlanganyela komphakathi ekuchazeni ubulungiswa, okwenza kube inqubo eguquguqukayo neqhubekayo.
Izithiyo Nezinselele Ekufezeni Ubulungiswa
Nakuba kuye kwavezwa imibono eyahlukene, ukusebenzisa ubulungiswa ngokusebenzayo kuvame ukubhekana nezinselele ezahlukene. Enye yezinselele ezinkulu ukuhlukahluka kwezindinganiso nezinkolelo emiphakathini ehlukahlukene. Lokho okubhekwa njengokulungile yiqembu elilodwa kungase kungabhekwa njengokulungile yiqembu elinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithiyo zesakhiwo ezifana nokusatshalaliswa kwengcebo ngokungalingani, inkohlakalo, kanye nokufinyelela okungalingani kwezemfundo nezinsizakalo zezempilo kungenza kube nzima ukuqaliswa kwezimiso zobulungiswa.
Enye inselele ukuthi ungalinganisa kanjani inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo. Imibono eminingi yobulungiswa izama ukulinganisela lezi zici ezimbili, kodwa kaningi, izinqubomgomo ezenzelwe ukukhuthaza ubulungiswa bezenhlalo zingabonakala njengezivimbela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Isibonelo, ukusatshalaliswa kabusha kwengcebo ngentela ephezulu kungabonakala njengokufanele yilabo abasekela ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, kodwa kungabonakala njengokwephulwa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye yilabo abanemibono yenkululeko.
Ubulungiswa Emhlabeni Wonke
Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka uxhumana ngenxa yokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke, izindaba zobulungiswa kumele zibhekwe nangokwesimo samazwe ngamazwe. Izindaba ezifana nokungalingani kwezomnotho phakathi kwamazwe, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye namalungelo abantu manje seziyingxenye yezingxoxo mayelana nobulungiswa bomhlaba wonke. Imibono eyasungulwa izazi zefilosofi zezombusazwe ezifana noThomas Pogge igcizelela isidingo sokwabiwa kabusha kwengcebo nezinsiza emhlabeni wonke ukuze kuxazululwe ubumpofu obukhulu kanye nokungabi nabulungisa kwesakhiwo okubhekene namazwe amaningi asathuthuka.
Kulesi sikhathi, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokusungulwa kwezikhungo zomhlaba wonke ezilinganayo kubaluleke kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) kanye nezinye izinhlelo ezahlukene zomhlaba wonke zilwela ukukhuthaza intuthuko esimeme nelinganayo emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa-ke, izinselele zezepolitiki, ezomnotho kanye nezamasiko zivame ukuvimbela ukufezwa kwalezi zinhloso ezinhle.
Isiphetho
Umqondo wobulungiswa kwifilosofi yezepolitiki uhlala ungenye yezingxoxo ezifanele kakhulu nezibalulekile empilweni yomphakathi. Ithiyori ngayinye inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kodwa imvamisa inemikhawulo yayo. Ngokucabangela imibono eyahlukahlukene, kusukela kuPlato no-Aristotle kuya kuJohn Rawls no-Amartya Sen, singathola ukuqonda okubanzi kobulungiswa nokuthi singawufinyelela kanjani umphakathi onobulungiswa.
Phakathi kobunzima bezwe lanamuhla, ukufeza ubulungiswa kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo kanye neminikelo evela kubo bonke abathintekayo. Isihluthulelo ukuhlanganisa izimiso zobulungiswa nemikhuba esebenzayo, ukubeka phambili ingxoxo kanye nokuhlanganyela komphakathi ukuze kufezwe umphakathi ovumelanayo nolinganiselayo. Ekugcineni, singabona umhlaba lapho wonke umuntu enethuba nenkululeko yokuphila ngesithunzi nenhlonipho.
