Umbono Wosizo Wenjabulo
I-Utilitarianism ingenye yezinkolelo-mbono zokuziphatha ezinethonya kakhulu futhi eziphikisanayo kwifilosofi yokuziphatha. Yasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ihlotshaniswa kakhulu nabacabangi abanjengoJeremy Bentham noJohn Stuart Mill. I-Utilitarianism isekelwe esimisweni esilula kodwa esinamandla: izenzo zibhekwa njengezilungile noma ezingalungile ngokusekelwe emthonjeni wazo jikelele enjabulweni, noma ekusetshenzisweni. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izisekelo ze-utilitarianism, ukuthi kungani idonsele kokubili abasekeli nabagxeki, kanye nezinye izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwayo kumongo wempilo yansuku zonke kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokusebenzisa Utilitarianism
Empeleni, i-utilitarianism iwuhlobo lwe-consequentialism, okusho ukuthi ukulunga kokuziphatha kwesenzo kunqunywa yimiphumela yaso. Ngalo mqondo, isenzo sibhekwa njengesilungile uma sikhiqiza "injabulo enkulu kakhulu ngenani elikhulu." Injabulo, kulo mongo, ukwanda kwenhlalakahle noma usizo, okuvame ukulinganiswa ngokwenjabulo uma kuqhathaniswa nobuhlungu.
UJeremy Bentham, omunye wabasunguli balo mbono, wakha umqondo wokusetshenziswa njengendlela yokulinganisa injabulo nobuhlungu obubangelwa isenzo. Ku-“An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” (1789), uBentham wathi “umthetho wokulungile nokungalungile” awulutho ngaphandle kwesimiso senjabulo esikhulu kunazo zonke: “Isenzo silungile uma sivame ukwandisa injabulo, futhi singalungile uma sivame ukudlula injabulo elahlekile.”
UJohn Stuart Mill, eqhubeka futhi ethuthukisa inkolelo-mbono kaBentham, wanezela isici sekhwalithi enjabulweni. Encwadini yakhe ebalulekile, ethi "Utilitarianism" (1861), uMill waphikisana ngokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zenjabulo zibaluleke kakhulu kunezinye. UMill wahlukanisa phakathi "kwenjabulo ephezulu" ehlobene nokuphishekela ngokwengqondo nangokokuziphatha kanye "nenjabulo ephansi" ehlobene nezidingo zomzimba.
Izinzuzo ze-Utilitarianism Theory
Esinye sezizathu ezenza ukuthi i-utilitarianism ithole ukwesekwa kabanzi ukuthi kulula futhi iyasebenza. Isimiso senjabulo esikhulu kunazo zonke sinikeza isiqondiso esicacile sendlela yokuhlola izenzo nezinqubomgomo, sigxile emthonjeni oqondile ezingaba nawo enhlalakahleni yabantu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-utilitarianism inikeza indlela eqondile yokuxazulula izingxabano zokuziphatha. Esikhundleni sokuthembela emithethweni noma ezimisweni eziqinile ezingasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, le mbono idinga ukuthi sicabangele zonke izici ezifanele futhi sibale umthelela wazo wesikhathi eside. Lokhu kuvumela ukuguquguquka nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukahlukene zesimo.
Ukugxekwa kwe-Utilitarianism
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, i-utilitarianism ayiyona engenabo abagxeki bayo. Okunye kokugxekwa okuvamile ukuthi le nkolelo-mbono ingase inganaki amalungelo omuntu ngamunye kanye nobulungiswa. Isibonelo, uma ukucindezela iqembu elincane kungandisa injabulo yeningi elikhulu, i-utilitarianism ingase ibheke leso senzo njengelungile. Lokhu kungaphikisana nomqondo wethu wokuziphatha wokuthi wonke umuntu unamalungelo ayisisekelo okungafanele aphulwe ngisho nangenxa yenjabulo ehlangene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulinganisa injabulo noma usizo nakho kuyindaba enkulu. Singayilinganisa kanjani injabulo noma injabulo ngobuqotho? Ingabe zonke izinhlobo zenjabulo ziyalingana, noma kukhona yini uhla lwazo phakathi kwazo? Lezi zinkinga zibeka izinselele ezinkulu ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo kwe-utilitarianism.
Izicelo Ezisebenzayo Zokusebenzisa Utilitarianism
Naphezu kwalokhu kugxekwa, i-utilitarianism isabalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa inqubomgomo yomphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nokuziphatha kwebhizinisi.
Inqubomgomo Yomphakathi
Ukusebenzisa izinsiza kusebenza kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokwenza izinqubomgomo zomphakathi. Isibonelo, ukucatshangelwa kokusebenzisa izinsiza kusebenza kungaqondisa ukwabiwa kwezinsizakusebenza zezokwelapha ngesikhathi senhlekelele yezempilo. Uma ama-ventilator elinganiselwe ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, inqubomgomo yokusebenzisa izinsizakusebenza izobaluleka kakhulu ekusabalaliseni ama-ventilator ezigulini okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi zilulame, ukuze kwandiswe inani lezimpilo ezisindisiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezifana nokwethulwa kwentela yekhabhoni yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba nazo zingabhekwa njengeziwusizo. Nakuba izintela ezinjalo zingase zibangele izindleko eziphakeme kubathengi, umthelela wazo wesikhathi eside kulindeleke ukuthi unciphise umonakalo wemvelo futhi uthuthukise inhlalakahle yomhlaba.
Ukunakekela impilo
I-Utilitarianism idlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezindabeni zokuziphatha kwezokwelapha. Isibonelo, endabeni yokufakelwa isitho, izinqumo ezinzima zingase zidingeke zenziwe mayelana nokuthi ubani othola isitho esingavamile. Lezi zinqumo zivame ukusekelwe ezindinganisweni ze-utilitarian ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isitho sinikeza inzuzo ephezulu kumuntu ositholayo.
Izimiso Zokuziphatha Zebhizinisi
Ezweni lebhizinisi, i-utilitarianism isetshenziswa ukuhlola izenzo zenkampani ngokusekelwe emthonjeni wazo kubo bonke abathintekayo. Umphathi owamukela umbono we-utilitarian cishe uzocabangela umthelela wezinqubomgomo zenkampani hhayi kuphela kubanikazi bamasheya, kodwa nakubasebenzi, emvelweni, kanye nomphakathi wonkana. Isibonelo, isinqumo sokuthuthukisa izimo zokusebenza efektri naphezu kokunciphisa inzuzo yesikhashana singabonakala njengesi-utilitarian uma siphumela enjabulweni enkulu.
I-Penutup
Ithiyori yenjabulo ye-utilitarianism isalokhu ingenye yezinhlaka zokuziphatha ezithonya kakhulu nezinethonya kakhulu kwifilosofi yokuziphatha yanamuhla. Ngokugxila kwayo emiphumeleni kanye nokukhulisa inhlalakahle, inikeza isiqondiso esicacile nesisebenzayo sokwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, njengazo zonke izinkolelo-mbono, ibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu kanye nezinselele. Noma kunjalo, ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi neliyinselele, i-utilitarianism inikeza ithuluzi elibalulekile lokucabanga ngomthelela wezenzo zethu enhlalakahleni yabo bonke abantu.
