Imibono KaDavid Hume Yefilosofi Ngobuqambi
UDavid Hume, isazi sefilosofi saseScotland sekhulu le-18, wayengumuntu obalulekile emasikweni efilosofi asekelwe ebufakazini. I-Empiricism ngokwayo iyisikole sefilosofi esigcizelela ukuthi ulwazi luvela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa. Emisebenzini yakhe edumile kakhulu, ethi "A Treatise of Human Nature" kanye nethi "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding," uHume uchaze kabanzi ukuthi ulwazi ludlala indima ebalulekile kanjani ekwakhiweni kolwazi, kanye nemiphumela ehlukahlukene yalo mbono.
I-Epistemology kaHume Empirical
Okubalulekile embonweni kaHume we-empiricist umqondo wakhe wokuthi yonke imibono yethu ivela "emibonweni," okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile esikuthola ngezinzwa zethu. Ngokusho kukaHume, ingqondo yomuntu empeleni iyi-tabula rasa (isilayidi esingenalutho) esigcwele ulwazi. Lapho siqala ukubona, ukuzwa, ukuhogela, noma ukunambitha okuthile, sithola imibono. Kulezi mibono, kwakheka imibono.
Ku-“An Enquiry Regarding Human Understanding,” uHume wenza umehluko phakathi “kwemibono” kanye “nemibono.” Imibono iwukuhlangenwe nakho okuqinile, okucacile, okuqondile, kuyilapho imibono ibuthakathaka, izithunzi ezingacacile noma ukubonakaliswa kwaleyo mibono. Isibonelo, lapho sibona futhi sibamba i-apula, siba nombono walo. Kodwa-ke, lapho sikhumbula i-apula kamuva, siba nombono walo.
UHume waqhubeka wathi yonke imibono, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani, ingahlukaniswa ibe imibono elula. Isibonelo, umqondo "wehhashi elinamaphiko" uyinhlanganisela yombono wehhashi kanye nombono wamaphiko. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ubuhlakani bomuntu ekukhiqizeni imibono emisha empeleni bunqunyelwe ekuhlanganiseni, ekuhlukaniseni, nasekuguquleni imibono ebonwe ngaphambilini.
Isimiso Sokuba Yimbangela
Enye yeminikelo ebalulekile kaHume ekubunjweni kwemibono kwaba umbono wakhe ngesimiso sokuba yikho okubangela izinkinga. Emibonweni yefilosofi yangaphambilini, ukuba yikho okubangela izinkinga kwakubhekwa njengobudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwesizathu nomphumela. Kodwa-ke, uHume waphikisana nalokhu kucabanga ngokuphikisana ngokuthi lokho esikubona njengobudlelwano bezimbangela empeleni kumane kuwumphumela womkhuba noma okuhlangenwe nakho okuphindaphindiwe.
Isibonelo, uma sibona ibhola le-billiard lishaya ibhola le-billiard lesibili kanye nebhola lesibili lihamba, sivame ukusho ukuthi ibhola lokuqala libangele ukunyakaza kwebhola lesibili. Kodwa-ke, uHume waphikisana ngokuthi asikaze sibone "isizathu" ngokwaso; sibona kuphela uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ezenzeka ngokulandelana. Ngakho-ke, isizathu, ngokusho kukaHume, akuwona ubudlelwano obudingekayo, kodwa kunalokho kuyisiphetho esenziwe yizingqondo zethu ngokusekelwe ekubonweni okuphindaphindiwe.
Lo mbono unemiphumela ejulile endleleni esiqonda ngayo imithetho yemvelo kanye nolwazi lwesayensi. Uma imithetho yemvelo imane nje iyimikhuba esekelwe ekubonweni okuphindaphindiwe, khona-ke asikho isiqinisekiso esinengqondo sokuthi le mithetho izohlala ifana esikhathini esizayo. Lesi yisisekelo sokungabaza kukaHume ngolwazi lwesayensi; nokho, uHume akawenqabi umkhuba wesayensi, kodwa kunalokho usinxusa ukuba siqaphele lapho sifinyelela iziphetho ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okubonakalayo.
Ukugxekwa Kwesimiso Sokuqanjwa Kwezinto
UHume udume nangokugxeka kwakhe isimiso sokungenisa, indlela yokudweba iziphetho ezijwayelekile kusukela ekubonweni okuningana okuqondile. Isibonelo, uma sibona ukuthi ilanga liphuma empumalanga njalo ekuseni, sivame ukuphetha ngokuthi lizohlala liphuma empumalanga. Ngokusho kukaHume, lesi siphetho asinazo izizathu ezinengqondo.
KuHume, isimiso sokungenisa asinakufakazela ngokuphelele ngokwengqondo. Uma sibona inkomishi yetiye enambitheka njalo ishisa, singaphetha ngokuthi lonke itiye liyashisa. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusekelwe kuphela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini hhayi isiqinisekiso esinengqondo. Ngakho-ke, iziphetho ezijwayelekile ezisekelwe ekungeniseni zimane nje zingaba yingozi, aziqinisekile.
Ukugxeka kukaHume ngokungenisa ulwazi kunemiphumela emikhulu endleleni yesayensi, lapho ukungenisa ulwazi kuvame kakhulu. UHume wayengahlosile ukuyeka ukusebenzisa ukungenisa ulwazi, kodwa ukugxeka kwakhe kusikhumbuza ngemikhawulo yendlela yokungenisa ulwazi kanye nokubaluleka kokuzazi ekufuneni ulwazi lwesayensi.
Izinkinga Zobunikazi Babasebenzi
Esinye isici sefilosofi kaHume okufanele sixoxwe ngaso imibono yakhe ngobuntu bakhe. UHume wayengabaza umbono wokuthi kukhona 'ubuwena' obuhlala njalo nobuhlala njalo. KuHume, lapho sizama ukuzicabangela, sithola kuphela uchungechunge lwemibono nemibono eshintshayo, njengobuhlungu, injabulo, imicabango, kanye nemizwa. Akukho 'ubuwena' obuhlala njalo kodwa iqoqo lokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ngamunye.
Lo mbono, vele, uphambene nomqondo ovamile wobunikazi bomuntu siqu, obubona umuntu njengento ehambisanayo neqhubekayo. UHume usikhuthaza ukuba singabaze kakhulu umbono ka-'I' oqinile futhi esikhundleni salokho sicabangele ubuwena bomuntu siqu njengomphumela walezi zenzakalo eziphuthumayo.
Ukuziphatha kanye Nemizwa
Esinye isici esithakazelisayo sombono kaHume umbono wakhe ngokuziphatha. Ngokungafani nabanduleli bakhe, abaphikisana ngokuthi ukuziphatha kusekelwe ekucabangeni noma emthethweni waphezulu, uHume waphikisana ngokuthi ukuziphatha kuhlobene kakhulu nemizwa noma imizwa yomuntu. Ngokusho kukaHume, izahlulelo zokuziphatha zivela emizweni yenjabulo noma yokungajabuli esiyitholayo ngezenzo ezithile.
UHume waphikisana ngokuthi ingqondo yodwa ayikwazi ukuba umthombo wesenzo sokuziphatha. Ingqondo inganikeza ulwazi mayelana neqiniso kuphela kodwa ayikwazi ukunikeza isisusa sesenzo. Esikhundleni salokho, imizwa noma umuzwa yiwona oshukumisayo oyinhloko osishukumisela ukuba senze ngokuziphatha. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuziphatha, ngokombono kaHume, kungokwengqondo kakhulu futhi kungokomzwelo kunokuba kube nomqondo oqondile futhi okunengqondo.
Isiphetho
UDavid Hume wanikeza umbono wefilosofi ojulile mayelana nobuciko bokucabanga, owashintsha ngempumelelo indlela esiqonda ngayo ulwazi, ukuba khona kwezimbangela, ubunikazi bomuntu siqu, kanye nokuziphatha. Ngokugcizelela okuhlangenwe nakho njengomthombo oyinhloko wolwazi, uHume wanikeza isisekelo esiqinile sobuciko bokucabanga ngenkathi ephikisa imibono eyayamukelwe ngaphambilini. Ngokungabaza okujulile, uHume akagcinanga nje ngokucebisa isiko lobuciko bokucabanga kodwa futhi wanikeza nombono obucayi nocabangayo ngemikhawulo kanye namathuba olwazi lomuntu.
Ngakho-ke, imibono kaHume yefilosofi mayelana nobuciko bokucabanga isasebenza nanamuhla, isimema ukuba siqaphele futhi sigxeke ekuhloleni imithombo kanye nokuba yiqiniso kolwazi lwethu. Njengososayensi weqiniso wobuciko, uDavid Hume usinxusa ukuba sihlale sibuyela kokuhlangenwe nakho njengesisekelo esiyinhloko sokwakha ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba.
