Ubufakazi bukaDescartes bokuPhila Okubili Kwengqondo Nezinto: Ucwaningo Lwefilosofi
1. Pendahuluan
URené Descartes, isazi sefilosofi esidumile sekhulu le-17, wayengomunye wabantu ababalulekile abathonya umcabango wanamuhla ngemibono yakhe yokuguqula izinto. Omunye umqondo awusungula osabalulekile nanamuhla yi-dualism yengqondo nezinto ezidaliwe. Lokhu ku-dualism sekuyisisekelo sezingxoxo eziningi kwifilosofi, isayensi yezengqondo, kanye nesayensi yokuqonda ezifuna ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwengqondo nomzimba, kanye nengqikithi yemvelo yomuntu.
2. Isizinda Somcabango KaDescartes
UDescartes wazalelwa eFrance ngo-1596 futhi waziwa ngeminikelo yakhe ebanzi kwizibalo kanye nefilosofi. Emsebenzini wakhe odumile, othi “Meditations on First Philosophy,” uDescartes wakha isiphakamiso esidumile esithi “Cogito, ergo sum,” okusho ukuthi “Ngiyacabanga, ngakho-ke nginguye.” Ngalesi sitatimende, uDescartes wagcizelela ukuba khona kwesihloko sokucabanga njengesisekelo solwazi esingenakuphikwa.
3. Ingqikithi Yobunye Bobubili bukaDescartes
I-dualism kaDescartes ibeka ingqondo (res cogitans) kanye nendaba (res extensa) njengezinto ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphelele nezizimele. Ingqondo iyinto ecabangayo engenakho ukuba khona ngokomzimba noma isikhala, kuyilapho into iyinto engokoqobo esebenza esikhaleni nasesikhathini kodwa engenakho ukuqonda.
4. Inqubo Yokuhlukaniswa Nokunciphisa
UDescartes waphikisana ngokuthi konke okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kungancishiswa kube yizinto ezimbili: lokho okucabangayo nalokho okuhlala endaweni. Ngale ndlela yokunciphisa, wazama ukuqonda indawo yonke ngendlela yemishini futhi wanquma ukuthi imithetho yefiziksi ingasetshenziswa ezweni lezinto ezibonakalayo. Kodwa-ke, wenqaba ukusebenzisa imithetho efanayo engqondweni, ngenxa yomehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwezinto ezimbili.
5. Imiphumela Yefilosofi
Lo mbono ophikisanayo unemiphumela emikhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yolwazi:
a. I-Epistemology:
Emkhakheni we-epistemology, i-dualism ihlukanisa umbukeli kanye nombono wokubuka, okuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi singawazi ngempela umhlaba wangaphandle noma iqiniso elibonakalayo ngobuqotho.
b. Ukuziphatha kanye neTheology:
I-Dualism nayo yathonya imikhakha yokuziphatha kanye nemfundiso yenkolo, lapho ukuhlukaniswa phakathi komphefumulo nomzimba kwakuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlola imiqondo ehlobene nokuziphatha kanye nokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu. UDescartes ngokwakhe wayengumfundisi wezenkolo ongumKristu, futhi wasebenzisa i-dualism yakhe ukusekela umbono wokuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona ngokuba khona komphefumulo ohlukile nongafi.
c. Ingqondo:
Kwezengqondo, lo mqondo wobumbili ushukumisele ososayensi nezazi zefilosofi ukuba bacabangele indlela ingqondo engawuthonya ngayo umzimba kanye nokuphikisana nalokho, kanye nendlela lokhu okubili okungasebenzisana ngayo.
6. Ukugxekwa Kobunye Ubuningi bukaDescartes
Kodwa-ke, ukugxekwa kukaDescartes ngezinto ezimbili akukaze kugwenywe. Amanye amaphuzu ayinhloko okugxekwa yilawa:
a. Izinkinga Zokuxhumana:
Esinye sezigxeko eziyinhloko inkinga yokusebenzisana, okungukuthi, ukuthi izinto ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphelele zingathonyana kanjani. Uma ingqondo ingeyona eyomzimba futhi into ephilayo ingeyenyama, zingasebenzisana kanjani njengoba sibona ezimweni lapho ingqondo ithonya khona izenzo zomzimba?
b. UbuMonism kanye Nokuthanda Izinto Ezibonakalayo:
UCharles Darwin kanye nososayensi abalandela bathuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nombono wokuphila osekelwe ezintweni ezibonakalayo. Basikisela ukuthi zonke izenzakalo, okuhlanganisa ukucabanga kanye nokuqonda, zingachazwa kuphela ngezinqubo zomzimba nezebhayoloji, ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinto ezingezona ezenyama.
c. Ukugxekwa Kwezinto Ezibonakalayo:
Ifilosofi ye-phenomenological eyathuthukiswa ngu-Edmund Husserl yaqhubeka noMartin Heidegger yagxeka ubu-dualism bukaDescartes ngokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa kube yingqondo nendaba, kodwa kumele kuqondwe njengobunye be-phenomenological.
7. Ifa Lobunye Bokubumbana KwamaDescartes
Naphezu kwalokhu kugxekwa, ifa likaDescartes lokubumbana kwezinto ezimbili engqondweni lisabonakala ezingxoxweni zefilosofi zanamuhla. Ukubumbana kwezinto ezimbili kukaDescartes kuvule indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwemibono emisha yokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwengqondo nezinto, njengethiyori yobunikazi, ukusebenza, kanye nokubumbana kwezinto ezimbili.
a. Ithiyori Yobunikazi:
Le mbono iphakamisa ukuthi isimo sengqondo ngasinye empeleni sifana nesimo sobuchopho esithile. Ngakho-ke, nakuba sikhuluma “ngengqondo” kanye “nomzimba” njengezinto ezihlukile, empeleni ziyinto eyodwa futhi efanayo ezingeni lezinto ezibonakalayo.
b. Ukusebenza kahle:
I-Functionalism ihlola umqondo wokuthi izimo zengqondo zingachazwa ngokusebenza kwazo ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengobuchopho noma ngisho nekhompyutha, ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinto ezingezona ezingokoqobo.
c. Ukwakheka Kwezinhlangothi Ezimbili:
Leli gama lingase liveze ubu-dualism, kodwa liyinkolelo-mbono ethi ingqondo nendaba kuyizinto ezimbili zeqiniso elifanayo, ezingancishiswa komunye nomunye kodwa futhi azihlukene ngokuphelele.
8. Isiphetho
URené Descartes, ngokusebenzisa i-dualism yakhe yento engaphakathi kwengqondo, wenza iminikelo ebalulekile kwifilosofi nesayensi. Nakuba imibono yakhe ye-dualism iye yagxekwa, isasebenza futhi iyisisekelo sezingxoxo zanamuhla mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwengqondo, umzimba, kanye nemvelo yomuntu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezihloko ze-epistemological, zokuziphatha, noma zengqondo, i-dualism kaDescartes iyaqhubeka nokuphonsela inselelo futhi icebisa ukuqonda kwethu thina kanye nomhlaba esihlala kuwo. Ngokuhlola imingcele yengqondo nezinto ezingaphakathi, asigcini nje ngokufuna ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili kodwa futhi sifuna ukuyihlanganisa, okusisondeza ekuqondeni okuphelele kokuba khona komuntu.
