UbuNihilism kanye Nokungabi Nalutho Okukhona
Ezweni elisheshayo—eligcwele ulwazi, izidingo zokukhiqiza, kanye nezindinganiso zempumelelo ezishintsha njalo—abantu abaningi bazizwa sengathi kukhona okungajwayelekile: impilo iyaqhubeka, kodwa kubonakala sengathi ayinaso isiqondiso esicacile. Impumelelo ngemva kwempumelelo ingafinyelelwa, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo buyaqhubeka, ngisho nokuzijabulisa kuyatholakala ngaphandle kwemingcele, kodwa ngaphansi kwakho konke kukhona umuzwa “wokungabi nalutho” okunzima ukuwuchaza. Lo muzwa uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukungabi nalutho okukhona. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuhlangana nomqondo omkhulu wefilosofi: i-nihilism, umbono wokuthi impilo ayinayo incazelo engokwemvelo, enenjongo.
Ukuqonda i-Nihilism: Okungaphezu nje kokuthi “Ukungakholelwa Kulutho”
Kalula nje, i-nihilism ivame ukuqondwa njengesimo sengqondo "sokungakholelwa lutho" noma "ukucabangela konke kuyize." Kodwa-ke, emcabangweni wefilosofi, i-nihilism inobubanzi obubanzi nobunzima kakhulu. Leli gama libhekisela ezimweni ezahlukahlukene ezingabaza noma ezenqaba izisekelo zokubaluleka, incazelo, ulwazi, ngisho neqiniso.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-nihilism ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo:
1. I-Existential nihilism: inkolelo yokuthi ukuphila akunancazelo, injongo, noma inani elingaphakathi.
2. Ukungakholelwa ezimisweni zokuziphatha: umbono wokuthi alikho iqiniso lokuziphatha eliqondile; okuhle nokubi kumane kuyizinto ezakhiwe.
3. I-Epistemological nihilism: ukungabaza okukhulu ukuthi ulwazi oluthile lungatholakala.
4. I-Metaphysical nihilism: umqondo owedlulele wokuthi “akukho lutho” yisimo esiyisisekelo kakhulu.
Empilweni yansuku zonke, ithonya eliphawuleka kakhulu yi-existential nihilism: lapho umuntu ebuza ukuthi “yini injongo yakho konke lokhu?” kodwa angatholi mpendulo eyanelisayo.
Ukungabi Nalutho Okukhona: Okuhlangenwe Nakho Kwangempela Kwengqondo
Ukungabi nalutho okukhona akuyona nje into engaqondakali. Kungabonakala njengokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo nokwengqondo: umuzwa wokungabi nalutho, ukulahlekelwa yisiqondiso, ukuntuleka kokwaneliseka, noma imibuzo mayelana nenjongo yokuphila . Umuntu angabonakala "emuhle" ngaphandle, kodwa ngaphakathi azizwe engaxhunyiwe encazelweni.
Lesi simo sivame ukwenzeka ezimweni ezithile, isibonelo:
– Ngemva kokufeza umgomo omkhulu: ukuphothula, ukukhushulwa esikhundleni, noma impumelelo yezezimali enganikezi umuzwa “wokugcwala”.
– Lapho ubhekene nokulahlekelwa: ukufa kothandekayo, ukuhlukana, noma ushintsho oluzumayo empilweni olunyakazisa izindinganiso ezindala.
– Enkambisweni ende: impilo izwakala njengomjikelezo ongenanjongo; izinsuku ziyadlula kodwa zizwakala zingenanjongo.
– Uma ubuwena buwohloka: umuntu ozichaze ngomsebenzi, isimo senhlalo, noma indima ethile ulahlekelwa yibo ngokuzumayo.
UViktor Frankl, udokotela wezifo zengqondo nowasinda ekamu lokuhlushwa lamaNazi, wabiza lesi simo ngokuthi “isikhala esikhona,” isikhala esiphakama lapho abantu belahlekelwa umuzwa wabo wencazelo kanye nokuqondisa. Waphikisana ngokuthi abantu abadingi injabulo noma amandla kuphela, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, incazelo.
UNietzsche kanye “noKufa KukaNkulunkulu”: Inkinga Yesimanje Yencazelo
Omunye wabantu ababalulekile engxoxweni ye-nihilism nguFriedrich Nietzsche . Isitatimende sakhe esidumile, "uNkulunkulu ufile," sasingeyona nje ukuhlaselwa kwenkolo, kodwa kwakuyisifo sokuxilongwa kwamasiko: izindinganiso zendabuko ebezilokhu zisebenza njengesisekelo sencazelo amakhulu eminyaka zaqala ukulahlekelwa amandla azo emphakathini wanamuhla. Isayensi, ukuqonda, kanye noshintsho lomphakathi kwakunyakazisa izinkolelo ezindala. Njengoba izisekelo ezindala zabhidlika, isintu sabhekana nesikhala: uma kungekho ncazelo ephelele evela ngaphandle, ngabe incazelo yokuphila ivelaphi?
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, i-nihilism ingavela njengesigaba sokuguquka. Lapho izindinganiso ezindala ziphela, singaphetha ngokuthi “akukho lutho olubalulekile.” Kodwa kuNietzsche, inselele yangempela ukuthi abantu bangakha kanjani izindinganiso ezintsha—kunokuba bazinikele ekungabini lutho.
UbuNihilism Obungenamsebenzi kanye nobuNihilism Obusebenzayo
Akuzona zonke izimpendulo ku-nihilism ezifanayo. Ngokubanzi, zingahlukaniswa:
– Ukungakholelwa ngokuphelele: isimo sengqondo sokuzidela, ukunganaki, ukungathembi, noma ukuhoxa. Impilo iphilwa kalula, ngaphandle kwesifiso sokwakha.
– I-Active nihilism: isimo sengqondo sokubhekana nokungabikho kwencazelo eqondile njengethuba lokwakha incazelo yakho. Lokhu akukhona ukwenqaba imizwa, kodwa kunalokho isibindi sokudala ukuqondiswa okusha.
Eqinisweni, abantu abaningi bayawa phakathi nendawo. Kunezikhathi lapho ubuze bubusa khona, kodwa futhi kunezikhathi lapho umuntu ephoqeleka ukuba ashintshe impilo yakhe futhi akhe izindinganiso zomuntu siqu.
Igebe Enkathini Yokusetshenziswa Kwezinto Ezintsha Nezokuxhumana
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ukungabi nalutho empilweni kuvame ukukhuliswa isiko labathengi. Ukukhangisa kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana zifaka ngobuqili umqondo wokuthi injabulo ingathengwa, ukuthi ubuwena bungakhiwa ngezinto onazo, nokuthi ukuzethemba kunqunywa ukuqashelwa ngumphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu angabanjwa ekuphishekeleni imali eningi, impumelelo eyengeziwe, ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe. Ngeshwa, ukwaneliseka okunjalo kuvame ukuba mfushane.
Uma ukwaneliseka okusheshayo kuba yindlela yokuphunyuka eyinhloko, ubuze bungaqina nakakhulu. Akukhona ukuthi ukuzijabulisa akulungile ngokwemvelo, kodwa ukuthi ukuzijabulisa okuqhubekayo kungasitha umbuzo oyisisekelo: yini ebaluleke ngempela ekuphileni kwethu?
Ingabe UbuNihilism Bubi Njalo?
Ukungabi nandaba nakho kuvame ukubhekwa njengokwesabisayo ngoba kusongela umuzwa womuntu wokulondeka. Kodwa-ke, ngezinga elithile, kungaba yisikhathi sokwethembeka. Uma umuntu eqaphela ukuthi izinto eziningi abeziphishekela azinalo ngempela incazelo kuye, kungaba yindawo yokushintsha. Ukungabi nalutho kungasebenza "njengendawo ecacile" evumela ukuthi into entsha ikhule.
Inkinga akukhona ukuthi impilo inencazelo eqondile yini, kodwa impendulo yethu kulokho kungabaza. Uma incazelo inganikezwa ngaphandle, ingakhiwa ngaphakathi: ngokuzibophezela, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nezenzo ezikhethwe ngamabomu.
Incazelo Yokwakha: Ukusuka Eze Kuye Ekucaceni
Ukubhekana nokungabi nalutho empilweni akudingi njalo izimpendulo ezinkulu, ezifika ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokuvamile, incazelo yakhiwa ngezinyathelo eziqondile:
1. Vuma ubuze ngaphandle kokuzahlulela
Ukuzizwa ungenalutho akulona uphawu lobuthakathaka bokuziphatha. Kungaba uphawu lokuthi impilo yakho idinga ukulungiswa kabusha.
2. Hlola izindinganiso zomuntu siqu kanye nemigomo
Yini oyazisayo uma kungekho muntu okubukayo? Izindinganiso ezifana nokwethembeka, ukunakekela, ubuhlakani, noma inkululeko zingasebenza njengekhampasi.
3. Ukwakha ubudlelwano bangempela
Abantu abaningi bathola incazelo ngobudlelwano: ubungani, umndeni, umphakathi. Hhayi ubudlelwano ngenxa yesikhundla, kodwa ubudlelwano obunikeza ithuba lokuba yibo.
4. Dala imisebenzi noma iminikelo
Incazelo ivame ukuvela lapho umuntu ezizwa ewusizo—hhayi ngomqondo wobuqhawe, kodwa ngezenzo ezincane neziqhubekayo.
5. Yamukela imikhawulo kanye nokungaqiniseki
Impilo akudingeki iqiniseke ngokuphelele ukuze ifanele ukuphila. Ngezinye izikhathi, incazelo ivela ekubeni nesibindi sokuqhubekela phambili ngisho noma izinto zingacacile.
Isiphetho: Ukungabi nalutho njengesimemo sokuphila ngokuqaphela
UbuNihilism kanye nokungabi nalutho empilweni kuyingxenye yesipiliyoni somuntu, ikakhulukazi enkathini lapho izisekelo eziningi zendabuko zingatshazwa khona. Lo muzwa wokungabi nalutho ungazwakala wesabisa, kodwa futhi ungaba isimemo sokuphila ngokuqonda kakhudlwana: ukuhlola kabusha imigomo, ukucabanga kabusha ngezindinganiso, nokukhetha impilo eyiqiniso kakhudlwana.
Uma ubhekene nombuzo othi “iyini injongo yokuphila?” kungase kungabi khona impendulo evamile esebenza kuwo wonke umuntu. Kodwa yilapho kanye inkululeko ikhona: abantu abatholi nje kuphela incazelo, kodwa futhi bayakha—ngokukhetha kwethu, izibopho zethu, kanye nendlela esiphila ngayo emhlabeni. Uma i-nihilism ithi “akukho ncazelo ecacile,” impendulo yomuntu ovuthiwe akuyona ukuphelelwa yithemba, kodwa isibindi sokuthi: “Kulungile, ngizodala incazelo yami.”
