Imfundiso ka-Aristotle Yokuziphatha Okuhle
Ithiyori ka-Aristotle yezimiso zokuziphatha okuhle ingenye yemibono enethonya elikhulu emlandweni wefilosofi yokuziphatha. Ngokungafani nezindlela zokuziphatha ezihlulela izenzo kuphela ngemiphumela yazo (njenge-utilitarianism) noma ngokunamathela emithethweni (njenge-deontology), u-Aristotle ugxila ekwakhekeni kwabalingiswa. Umbuzo wakhe oyinhloko awukona nje ukuthi "Kufanele ngenzeni?" kodwa kunalokho "Kufanele ngibe ngumuntu onjani?" Ngokugcizelela umkhuba, ukuzithiba, kanye nomgomo wempilo enhle, ukuziphatha okuhle kuka-Aristotle kunikeza uhlaka lokuziphatha olufanele impilo yomuntu siqu, yezenhlalo neyezepolitiki.
Isizinda sokucabanga kuka-Aristotle
U-Aristotle (384–322 BC) wayengumfundi kaPlato nomfundisi ka-Alexander Omkhulu. Wabhala ngezihloko eziningi, okuhlanganisa i-logic, i-biology, ezombusazwe, kanye nokuziphatha. Imicabango yakhe ngokuziphatha iqoqwe kakhulu kuyi-Nicomachean Ethics. Kule ncwadi, u-Aristotle uxoxa ngendlela abantu abangaphila ngayo kahle futhi bathole injabulo yangempela. Kodwa-ke, "injabulo" okukhulunywa ngayo akuyona umuzwa wenjabulo wesikhashana, kodwa kunalokho isimo sokuphelela nenjongo empilweni.
Ku-Aristotle, abantu bangabantu abanengqondo futhi abaphila nabantu. Ngakho-ke, impilo enhle ayinakuhlukaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwengqondo nobudlelwano nabanye emphakathini. Ukuziphatha akukhona endaweni engenalutho; kuhlobene nemfundo, amasiko, kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi ezibumba ukuziphatha kwabantu.
I-Eudaimonia: injongo yokuphila komuntu
Umqondo oyinhloko ezimisweni zokuziphatha zika-Aristotle yi-eudaimonia, evame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi “injabulo,” “inhlalakahle,” noma “impilo enhle.” I-Eudaimonia akuyona nje imizwa, kodwa kunalokho isimo lapho umuntu ephila khona impilo ngokuvumelana nomsebenzi womuntu ohlukile: ukusebenzisa ingqondo nokwenza ngokuhlakanipha.
U-Aristotle waphikisana ngokuthi zonke izenzo zabantu zinenjongo. Sifunda ukuze sithole ulwazi, sisebenzele ukuziphilisa, futhi sakhe ubudlelwano ukuze sithole ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwalezi zinhloso, kukhona umgomo ophakeme, ofunwa ngenxa yawo, hhayi ngenxa yanoma yini enye. Lona yi-eudaimonia. Ngamanye amazwi, i-eudaimonia iyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi kungani abantu bephishekela izinto ezahlukene empilweni.
Ubuhle njengemfanelo yobuntu
Uma i-eudaimonia ingumgomo, khona-ke ubuhle (i-arete) buyindlela eyinhloko yokukufeza. Ubuhle, ngomqondo ka-Aristotle, abukhona nje "ukuba muhle" ngokujwayelekile, kodwa kunalokho buyimfanelo yobuntu evumela umuntu ukuba akhethe futhi enze ngendlela efanele. Ubuhle bakha isimo sangaphakathi esizinzile: umuntu onesibindi ngempela akagcini nje ngokuba budedengu ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa unobuntu obuhlala njalo lapho ebhekene nengozi.
U-Aristotle wayekholelwa ukuthi ubuhle abuyona into esizalwa nayo. Sinamandla, kodwa ubuhle kumele buthuthukiswe ngokujwayela. Njengekhono lomculo noma lezemidlalo, ubuntu bokuziphatha buyakhiwa ngokuzijwayeza okuphindaphindiwe. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kuka-Aristotle, imfundo yokuziphatha ihlobene kakhulu nokuzijwayeza—hhayi nje inkolelo-mbono.
Imfundiso "yendlela ephakathi" (Golden Mean)
Omunye wemibono ka-Aristotle edume kakhulu umqondo "wendlela ephakathi," noma i-Golden Mean. Ubuhle buphakathi kwezinto ezimbili ezibucayi: ukuntuleka nokweqisa. Isibindi, isibonelo, siyisisekelo esiphakathi kobugwala (ukuntuleka kwesibindi) kanye nokunganaki noma ukunganaki (isibindi eseqile). Ukuphana kuphakathi kokuncishana nokuchitha imali. Ukuzithiba kuphakathi kokungazithibi kanye nokunganaki injabulo.
Kodwa-ke, "indlela ephakathi" ayisho ukulinganisela okwenziwa ngomshini kuzo zonke izimo. U-Aristotle wagcizelela ukuthi indlela ephakathi "ihlobene nathi" futhi incike kumongo. Lokho okubhekwa njengokupha umfundi ngokuqinisekile kuhlukile kulokho okubhekwa njengokupha kumuntu ocebile. Okunqumayo akuzona izinombolo eziphelele, kodwa kunalokho ukufaneleka kwesimo, izinhloso ezinhle, kanye nokucatshangelwa okunengqondo.
Ubuhle bokuziphatha kanye nobuhle bokucabanga
U-Aristotle uhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zobuhle: ubuhle bokuziphatha kanye nobuhle bokucabanga.
1. Izimfanelo zokuziphatha zihlobene nokulawula izifiso nemizwa, isibonelo isibindi, isineke, ubulungiswa kanye nokuphana. Izimfanelo zokuziphatha zakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngemikhuba kanye nemikhuba yasekuqaleni.
2. Izimfanelo zobuhlakani zihlobene nezimfanelo zokucabanga, njengolwazi, ukuqonda, nokuhlakanipha. Lezi zimfanelo zikhula ngokufundisa, okuhlangenwe nakho, kanye nokuzindla.
Phakathi kwezimfanelo zobuhlakani, okubaluleke kakhulu empilweni esebenzayo yi-phronesis, noma "ukuhlakanipha okusebenzayo." I-phronesis isiza umuntu ukwahlulela inkambo efanele yesenzo esimweni esithile. Kuhilela okungaphezu nje kokwazi imithetho ejwayelekile, kodwa futhi nekhono lokuqonda izici ezihlukile, ukulinganisa imiphumela, nokukhetha inkambo engcono kakhulu yesenzo ngokuhambisana nobuhle.
Indima yokucabanga kanye nemizwa
Ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha zika-Aristotle, imizwa ayizona izitha okufanele zinqotshwe. Iyingxenye yokuba ngumuntu edinga ukuqondiswa. Umuntu omuhle akayena umuntu ongalokothi athukuthele, kodwa umuntu othukuthela ngesikhathi esifanele, kumuntu ofanele, ngesizathu esifanele, nangendlela efanele. Lapha, ukuziphatha akuphathelene nokuzicindezela, kodwa kunalokho mayelana nokuvumelanisa imizwa nokwahlulela okunengqondo.
Ukucabanga kusebenza njengesiqondiso: kusisiza ukuhlukanisa okubaluleke ngempela kulokho okubonakala kukhanga kodwa okulimazayo. Lapho ubuhle buba umkhuba, umuntu uzothambekela ekujabuleleni izinto ezinhle futhi azizwe engakhululekile ngezinto ezimbi. Lokhu kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi ubuntu bakhekile.
Ukuziphatha, ubungane, kanye nempilo yezepolitiki
U-Aristotle uphinde wagcizelela ukubaluleka kobudlelwano bezenhlalo. Ku-Nicomachean Ethics, waxoxa ngobungani (philia) njengento ebalulekile empilweni enhle. Ubungani abuyona nje indlela yokuthola izinzuzo, kodwa buyindawo yokuthuthukiswa kobuhle obuhambisanayo. Abangane abahle basikhuthaza ukuba sibe nomusa, sithembeke kakhudlwana, sibe nesibindi kakhudlwana, futhi sibe nobulungiswa kakhudlwana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Aristotle wayebheka abantu “njengezilwane zezombusazwe” (zoon politikon). Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu bayachuma emiphakathini futhi badinga ukuhleleka okuhle komphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukuziphatha kuhlobene nezombusazwe: umbuso nezikhungo zawo kufanele kusize ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinobuntu obuhle ngemfundo nemithetho ekhuthaza ubuhle.
Ukubaluleka kokuziphatha okuhle empilweni yanamuhla
Izimiso zokuziphatha zika-Aristotle zisebalulekile ngoba izinkinga eziningi zokuziphatha zanamuhla azikwazi ukuphendulwa ngohlu olulula lwemithetho. Esikhathini sedijithali, isibonelo, imibuzo mayelana nezimiso zokuziphatha ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ayigcini nje ngokuthi "yini evunyelwe" kodwa futhi imayelana nobuntu: ingabe sithembekile, sihlakaniphile, futhi sinozwela ekuxhumaneni kwethu? Emsebenzini, ubuqotho abuqondwa nje njengokulalela okusemthethweni, kodwa njengomkhuba wokukhetha into efanele naphezu kwengcindezi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuziphatha okuhle kugcizelela inqubo yesikhathi eside: ukuba muhle kuyiphrojekthi yempilo yonke. Lokhu kuhambisana nesidingo sabantu banamuhla sokuzithuthukisa esingesona esingaphandle. U-Aristotle usikhumbuza ukuthi ikhwalithi yokuphila ayinqunywa impumelelo yangaphandle yodwa, kodwa inqunywa yikhwalithi yezinqumo kanye nobuntu esibuthuthukisa nsuku zonke.
Ukugxekwa kanye nemikhawulo
Nakuba inamandla, inkolelo-mbono ka-Aristotle nayo inemingcele. Umqondo "wendlela ephakathi" ungadida uma ungahambisani nokuhlakanipha okusebenzayo; abantu bangakusebenzisa kabi ukuze bathethelele ukuyekethisa okungafanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi ukuziphatha okuhle kusekelwe emasikweni asendulo aseGrisi, eminye yemibono yakhe mayelana nobuholi bezenhlalo kanye nezindima zamaqembu athile emphakathini idinga ukugxekwa uma isetshenziswa njengesigqila ezweni lanamuhla.
Kodwa-ke, umqondo wakhe oyinhloko—wokuthi ukuziphatha kumayelana nokwakhiwa kobuntu obunengqondo nobulinganiselayo—usalokhu unegalelo elikhulu kwifilosofi kanye nemfundo yokuziphatha.
I-Penutup
Umbono ka-Aristotle wokuziphatha okuhle ubeka ubuhle enkabeni yokuphila kokuziphatha okuhle. Ngomgomo we-eudaimonia, abantu babizelwa ukuthuthukisa ubuntu obuhle ngemikhuba, ukuzithiba, kanye nokuhlakanipha okusebenzayo. Ukuziphatha okuhle kuka-Aristotle kugxile kubantu njengabantu abakhulayo: ukuziphatha okuhle akuyona nje imithetho noma ukubala imiphumela, kodwa ubuciko bokuphila kahle. Ezweni elivame ukwahlulela impumelelo ngempumelelo esheshayo, ukuziphatha okuhle kunikeza isikhumbuzo esibalulekile: injabulo yangempela incike ekutheni siba ngobani, hhayi nje kulokho esinakho.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe yinguqulo yezemfundo (enezingcaphuno), inguqulo efingqiwe enamagama angu-500, noma ngengeze izibonelo zesimanje ukuze sisebenze kakhudlwana.
