Ubukhona kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokungabi nalutho
I-Existentialism ingenye yezikole zefilosofi ezinethonya kakhulu ekubhekaneni nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu: ukukhathazeka, inkululeko, ukukhetha, kanye nokufuna incazelo. Ayibuzi ngokuyinhloko ukuthi, “Iyini imvelo yomhlaba?” kodwa kunalokho, “Kunjani ukuba ngumuntu ezweni elinganikezi izimpendulo njalo?” Endleleni, i-existentialism ivame ukuhlangana nomqondo “wokungabi nalutho” noma “ukungabi nalutho.” Yilapho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkolelo-mbono yokungabi nalutho kuvela khona: umbono wokuthi impilo ayinayo injongo noma incazelo engokwemvelo, nokuthi abantu kumele babhekane naleli qiniso ngezindlela ezahlukene—kusukela ekuphikeni kuya ekubalekeni kuya ekudalweni kwencazelo yomuntu siqu. Lesi sihloko sihlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwalokhu okubili, ukuhlangana kwazo kanye nomehluko, nokuthi le mibono ihlobene kanjani nokuphila kwanamuhla.
Izimpande Zobukhona: Impilo Yokuphila, Hhayi Ukucabanga Ngayo Nje
Ubukhona bukhona buthuthuke ngemibhalo yabacabangi abafana noSøren Kierkegaard, uFriedrich Nietzsche, uMartin Heidegger, uJean-Paul Sartre, noSimone de Beauvoir. Naphezu kokungafani kwabo, babelana ngentambo efanayo: ukubeka ulwazi lomuntu siqu nolweqiniso phakathi. Ubukhona bukhona bulahla umbono wokuthi abantu bangaqondwa nje "njengezinto" ezingaphansi kwemithetho ejwayelekile. Abantu, ngokusho kwabakholelwa ebukhoneni, bangabantu abaqaphelayo, abahumushayo, abahlala besendaweni, futhi banekhono—nomthwalo—wokukhetha.
Esinye sezisho zikaSartre esidumile kakhulu: ukuphila kuqala ngaphambi kobunjalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu “bakhona” kuqala, bese kuthi, ngezenzo nokukhetha, bakhe ukuthi bangobani. Akukho plan eqondile enquma incazelo yokuphila komuntu kusukela ekuqaleni. Inkululeko iyisihloko esiyinhloko, kodwa akuyona isipho esicishe sibe sothando; futhi iwumthombo wokukhathazeka. Ngoba uma kungekho bunjalo obunquma inkambo yokuphila, khona-ke umthwalo wemfanelo uwela phezu kwakhe.
Ukungabi Nalutho: Lapho Umhlaba Ungaphenduli
Imibono yokungabi nalutho ivame ukuvela emuzweni wokuthi umhlaba awunikezi ncazelo eqondile, ukuthi ukuhlupheka nokufa kwenza konke kubonakale kuyize, noma ukuthi imizamo yabantu ayihambisani nokulinganiselwa kokuphila. Kulo mbono, incazelo akuyona into okufanele “itholwe” njengengcebo efihliwe, kodwa kunalokho into—uma ikhona—eyakhiwe ngokucophelela.
Umuntu oyedwa ovame ukuhlotshaniswa nengxoxo yokungabi nalutho ngu-Albert Camus. Nakuba uCamus evame ukwenqaba igama elithi "existentialist," umqondo wakhe "wobuwula" unikeza ibhuloho elibalulekile. KuCamus, okungenangqondo kuvela ekungqubuzaneni phakathi kwesifiso somuntu sokuthola incazelo nokuhleleka kanye neqiniso lokuthi indawo yonke ibonakala ibanda, ingenandaba, futhi ingaphenduli. Abantu babuza imibuzo, kodwa umhlaba uhlala uthule. Kulokhu kuvela okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kokuphila: ukuhlukaniswa, ukungabi nalutho, kanye nomuzwa wokungaxhumani phakathi kwethemba neqiniso.
Ukungabi nalutho akuyona nje into engaqondakali; kuzwakala ngezikhathi ezithile: ukulahlekelwa othandekayo, inqubo yomsebenzi ezwakala sengathi iyenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukwehluleka okuphindaphindiwe, noma ukuqaphela ukuthi impilo isizophela. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umbuzo othi "Iyini injongo yakho konke lokhu?" awuveli njengomsebenzi nje wokuhlakanipha, kodwa njengokulimala okudinga impendulo.
Indawo Yokuhlangana: Inkululeko Phakathi Kwesikhala Sencazelo
I-Existentialism kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokungabi nalutho kuyahlangana ngesisekelo esisodwa esibalulekile: incazelo ayiveli nje ngaphandle. Uma umhlaba unganikezi injongo eqondile—noma uma imigomo enikezayo (isimo senhlalo, ingcebo, ukuqashelwa) izizwa ibuthakathaka—khona-ke abantu babhekene “nobuze” okumele kubhekwane nabo.
Ngokwesibonelo, emfundisweni kaSartre yokuba khona kwezinto, ukungabikho kwencazelo engokwemvelo akusona isizathu sokuyeka, kodwa kunalokho yisimo esenza inkululeko ibe nokwenzeka. Njengoba kungekho nzuzo eyehla ivela emazulwini, ngabantu abayidlulisela ngezenzo zabo. Kodwa lezi zenzo azithathi hlangothi: ukukhetha ngakunye kuyisitatimende mayelana nokuthi "luhlobo luni lomuntu okufanele sibe yilo." Lapha, umthwalo wemfanelo uba nzima kakhulu. Ukungabi nalutho komhlaba, ngokombono we-existentialist, akusona isiphetho; kuyisiqalo.
UCamus—ngomqondo “wokuvukela”—unikeza impendulo eyingqayizivele. Uma impilo ingenangqondo, impendulo akuyona ukuzibulala (okubhekwa njengokuzinikela), futhi akuyona “igxathu lokholo” elibeka izincazelo ezingenasisekelo ze-metaphysical (uCamus azibona njengendlela yokuphunyuka). UCamus ukhuthaza abantu ukuba baphile ngaphandle kwemicabango kodwa ngentshiseko: ukwamukela ubuwula bese benza, bathande, futhi badale. “Kumelwe sicabange ukuthi uSisyphus ujabule,” kubhala yena, ephakamisa ukuthi ukuqaphela ubuwula kungaba umthombo wenkululeko.
Umehluko Obalulekile: UbuNihilism, Ubu-Absurdism, kanye ne-Existentialism
Nakuba kuhlobene eduze, ukungabi nalutho akusho ukuthi kuyinto efanayo ne-nihilism. I-Nihilism ivame ukuqondwa njengenkolelo yokuthi akukho lutho olubalulekile nhlobo, ukuthi konke ekugcineni kuyize futhi akunamsebenzi. I-Existentialism—ikakhulukazi ezinguqulweni zikaSartre no-de Beauvoir—isondelene nomqondo wokuthi inani alinikezwa, kodwa lidalwa ngokuzibophezela. UDe Beauvoir wagcizelela ubukhulu bokuziphatha: inkululeko yokuzibusa kumele ihambisane nokuqashelwa kwenkululeko yabanye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba kungekho ukuziphatha okuqondile okuvela ezulwini, lokhu akusho ukuthi zonke izenzo ziyalingana; izinqumo zisengahlulelwa ngokusekelwe emthonjeni wazo enkululekweni yabantu.
Okwamanje, "okungajwayelekile" kukaCamus akusikho ukugomela kokuthi impilo ayinamsebenzi, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nomhlaba abuhambisani. Izindinganiso zingase zibe khona—uthando, ubumbano, ubuhle—kodwa azinawo amandla okusebenza endaweni yonke. Ziyasebenza ngoba ziyaphilwa, hhayi ngoba ziqinisekiswa yinoma yisiphi isakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo.
Umthelela Wengqondo Nomphakathi: Kusukela Ekukhathazekeni Kuya Ekucaceni
Empilweni yanamuhla, inkolelo-mbono yokungabi nalutho ivame ukubonakala ngezindlela zansuku zonke: ukukhathala, izinkinga zobunikazi, ukulutheka kweziphazamiso, noma umuzwa wokungabi nalutho ngemva kokufeza imigomo eyake yabhekwa njenge "ephezulu." Abantu abaningi bathola ukuthi impumelelo yangaphandle ayihumushi ngokuzenzakalelayo ibe yincazelo yangaphakathi. Ubukhona busiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani: ngoba incazelo akuyona nje umphumela, kodwa ubuhlobo obuqaphile phakathi komuntu, izinqumo, kanye nezindinganiso ezilandelwayo.
Ukukhathazeka okukhona ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa kabi, kodwa empeleni kungaba uphawu lokwethembeka. Uma umuntu ekhathazekile ngempilo yakhe, kungenzeka ukuthi uyaqaphela inkululeko yakhe kanye nokulinganiselwa kwakhe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu kuveza ithuba lokuphila ngobuqotho: hhayi nje ukuhamba nokugeleza, kodwa ukubuza ukuthi yini ebaluleke ngempela.
Kodwa-ke, "ukudala incazelo" akusho ukudala indaba emnandi ukuze kufihlwe iqiniso elibuhlungu. Kunalokho, i-Existentialism isikhuthaza ukuba sibhekane neqiniso—kufaka phakathi ukufa, ukwehluleka, nokungaqiniseki—ngaphandle kokuzikhohlisa. Ubuqiniso busho ukwamukela ukuthi impilo ayinikezi siqinisekiso nokukhetha ukuphila noma kunjalo.
Ukudala Incazelo: Imikhuba Ekhona Empilweni Yansuku Zonke
I-existentialism kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokungabi nalutho ingahunyushwa kanjani ibe isimo sengqondo ngokuphila? Okokuqala, ngokuqaphela ukuthi incazelo ayitholakali njalo "ezimpendulweni ezinkulu," kodwa kunalokho ezibophweni ezincane nezihambisanayo. Umuntu angakha incazelo ngobudlelwano obuthembekile, umsebenzi onenjongo, ubuciko, noma umnikelo womphakathi. Okwesibili, ngokuqaphela ukuthi incazelo ayimi ndawonye. Ishintshashintsha ngezinguquko empilweni, okuhlangenwe nakho, kanye namanxeba abantu ababhekana nawo.
Okwesithathu, ngokuthuthukisa isibindi sokukhetha. Abantu abaningi babanjwe hhayi ngoba bentula izinketho, kodwa ngoba besaba imiphumela yezinqumo zabo. I-Existentialism isikhumbuza ukuthi ngisho nokugwema ukukhetha kuyisinqumo—futhi kusabumba ukuthi singobani. Okwesine, ngokwamukela imikhawulo. Ukuphila akuhlali phakade; ngenxa yalokho, zonke izinqumo zinesisindo. Ukuqaphela ukufa akuhloselwe ukusesabisa, kodwa ukucwengisisa izinto eziza kuqala kithi.
Isiphetho: Ukungabi Nalutho Njengomnyango, Akusona Isiphetho
I-Existentialism kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokungabi nalutho kubeka abantu esimweni esinzima: ayikho incazelo eqondile enikeza induduzo ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa kukhona inkululeko yokudala incazelo ngendlela esiphila ngayo. Kwabanye, lesi siphetho siyesabisa; kwabanye, siyakhulula. Ukungabi nalutho akuyona isinqumo sokugcina, kodwa kunalokho kuyisiqalo esivula isikhala sokwethembeka nokudala.
Ekugcineni, umbuzo obuzwa yi-existentialism awusiwo othi “Ingabe impilo inenjongo?” kodwa uthi “Uzokwakha luphi uhlobo lwencazelo—futhi uzimisele yini ukuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo walo?” Ezweni elivame ukuthula lapho libuzwa, impendulo yomuntu ayisiyo njalo inkolelo-mbono, kodwa isenzo: ukukhetha, ukuthanda, ukusebenza, ukumelana nokungabi nabulungisa, nokuqhubeka nokuphila ngokuqaphela. Incazelo, kulolu hlaka, ayiwi esibhakabhakeni; izalwa ngesibindi sokuhlala ukhona.
