Ifilosofi ye-Epistemology kanye nolwazi
I-Epistemology iyigatsha elikhulu lefilosofi eligxile ekutadisheni ulwazi. Leli gama livela emagameni esiGreki athi "episteme," okusho ulwazi, kanye nelithi "logos," okusho isifundo noma inkolelo-mbono. Ku-epistemology, izazi zefilosofi zifuna ukuqonda ukuthi ulwazi luyini, ukuthi siluthola kanjani, kanye nezinga ulwazi lwethu olusebenza futhi oluthembekile ngalo.
Incazelo Yolwazi
Ngokwesiko, ulwazi luchazwa njengenkolelo yeqiniso nefanele. Le ncazelo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ithiyori ethi “Jusified True Belief”, ithi umuntu uyazi isitatimende uma futhi kuphela uma:
1. Lesi sitatimende siyiqiniso.
2. Umuntu ukholelwa ukuthi leso sitatimende siyiqiniso.
3. Umuntu unesizathu noma izizathu ezanele zokukholelwa ukuthi leso sitatimende siyiqiniso.
Nokho, le ncazelo ayiyona engenazinselele. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa komcabango kuka-Edmund Gettier ngo-1963 kwabonisa ukuthi kunezimo lapho zonke lezi zimo ezintathu zihlangatshezwa khona, kodwa umuzwa wethu wenqaba ukuzamukela njengolwazi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izazi zefilosofi ziye zafuna incazelo enembile yolwazi.
Umthombo Wolwazi
Enye yezinto eziyinhloko ezigxilwe kuzo yi-epistemology ukuzama ukuqonda ukuthi ulwazi lutholakala kuphi noma kanjani. Kunemithombo eminingana eyinhloko yolwazi evame ukuxoxwa ngayo:
1. Ubu-Empiricism: Ubu-Empiricism bugcizelela ukuthi ulwazi lutholakala kakhulu ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa. Izazi zefilosofi zobu-Empiric ezifana noJohn Locke noDavid Hume zaphikisana ngokuthi ulwazi luvela kokuhlangenwe nakho esikuthola ngokubuka nokuhlola. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu komhlaba wangaphandle kuyisisekelo salo lonke ulwazi lwethu.
2. Ukucabanga Ngokwengqondo: Ukucabanga ngokwengqondo kuphikisa ngokuthi ulwazi oluthile lungatholakala ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa, kodwa ngokusebenzisa ukucabanga. Izazi zefilosofi ezicabanga ngokwengqondo ezifana noRené Descartes no -Immanuel Kant zazikholelwa ukuthi sinemibono nemibono yangaphakathi esivumela ukuba siqonde iqiniso.
3. Ukuqonda: Ukuqonda ukuqonda iqiniso ngokushesha ngaphandle kwesidingo sokucabanga okude noma ubufakazi obubonakalayo. Ngokuvamile kubhekwa “njengomqondo” noma umuzwa ojulile weqiniso.
4. Isambulo kanye negunya: Amanye amasiko abheka isambulo saphezulu kanye negunya eliphethwe ngabantu ababalulekile noma imibhalo engcwele njengemithombo yolwazi esemthethweni.
Umbono Wokulungisiswa
Ngaphezu kokuhlonza imithombo yolwazi, i-epistemology ixoxa nangokuthi singazithethelela kanjani izinkolelo zethu. Kunemibono eminingana eyinhloko mayelana nokuzithethelela:
1. Isisekelo: Isisekelo sithi kunezinkolelo eziyisisekelo ezingadingi sizathu esengeziwe, futhi zonke ezinye izinkolelo zitholakala kulezi zinkolelo eziyisisekelo.
2. Ubumbano: Ubumbano luphikisana ngokuthi izinkolelo zethu ziyasekelana njengenethiwekhi ehlangene. Okwenza into ibe yiqiniso ukuvumelana kwayo ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezinkolelo zomuntu.
3. Ukwethembeka: Ukwethembeka kugcizelela ukuthi izinkolelo ziyathethelelwa uma zitholakala ngenqubo ethembekile noma ethembekile. Uma inqubo noma indlela ethile ivame ukukhiqiza izinkolelo zeqiniso, khona-ke izinkolelo ezikhiqizwa yileyo nqubo zibhekwa njengezifanele.
Ukungabaza kwe-Epistemological
Ukungabaza kuyisimo ku-epistemology esibuza ukuthi singakwazi yini ukwazi noma yini ngokuqiniseka. Abangabaza baphikisa imibono yethu eyisisekelo kanye nokulawula kwethu ulwazi. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokungabaza, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ukungabaza Kwezemfundo: Uhlobo lokungabaza oluvela kuPlato futhi oluqhutshwa yizazi zesiGreki, ezibuza ukuthi ulwazi lweqiniso lungatholakala yini.
2. Ukungabaza Komhlaba Wonke: Uhlobo lokungabaza oluqine kakhulu olubuza yonke imininingwane, okuhlanganisa ulwazi oluyisisekelo namaqiniso ahlobene.
3. Ukungabaza Kwendawo: Uhlobo oluthambile lokungabaza, olungabhekisa ezicini ezithile zolwazi njengezinkolelo mayelana nomhlaba wangaphandle noma ulwazi lokuziphatha.
Iminikelo Yabacabangi Ababalulekile
I-Epistemology ithonywe yizihlakaniphi eziningi ezibalulekile emlandweni wonke. Nazi ezinye zazo:
1. URené Descartes: Eyaziwa ngesisho sakhe esithi “Cogito, ergo sum” (ngicabanga ukuthi, ngakho-ke nginguye), uDescartes wafuna isisekelo solwazi esingenakunyakaziswa. Waqala ngokungabaza konke okungangatshazwa, futhi wathola ukuthi into eyodwa eyayingenakungatshazwa ukuba khona kwengqondo yakhe.
2. UJohn Locke: Njengomuntu ohamba phambili ekuqondeni izinto, uLocke wagomela ngokuthi ingqondo yomuntu “iyi-tabula rasa” (ikhasi elingenalutho) eligcwele ulwazi. Wenqaba imibono yangaphakathi futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi ulwazi luvela ekuzizweni nasekuzindleni.
3. U-Immanuel Kant: UKant wazama ukuhlanganisa i-rationalism kanye ne-empiricism. Waphikisana ngokuthi nakuba lonke ulwazi luqala ngokuhlangenwe nakho, akulona lonke ulwazi oluvela kokuhlangenwe nakho. Wethula umqondo "wezigaba" ezisivumela ukuba siqonde okujwayelekile kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu.
Umthelela Esayensini Nasempilweni Yansuku Zonke
I-Epistemology ayibalulekile nje kuphela kumongo wefilosofi kodwa futhi inomthelela omkhulu endleleni esiqonda ngayo isayensi nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Isibonelo, indlela yesayensi isekelwe ezimisweni ze-epistemological ezigcizelela ubufakazi kanye nokuqinisekiswa okubonakalayo.
Empilweni yansuku zonke, ikhono lethu lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinkolelo zeqiniso nezamanga lidlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo, emfundweni, kanye nasekusebenzisaneni komphakathi. I-Epistemology isiphonsela inselelo yokuba sigxeke imithombo yethu yolwazi kanye nendlela yethu yokufuna iqiniso.
Isiphetho
I-Epistemology iwucwaningo olujulile lwemvelo kanye nesisekelo solwazi, olunikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngendlela esiqonda ngayo umhlaba. Ngokuhlola imibono ehlukahlukene yolwazi kanye nokuzithethelela kwayo, kanye nokubhekana nokungabaza, i-epistemology isiholela ekubeni siqaphele futhi sicabange kakhulu ekwakheni izinkolelo zethu. Ukufunda i-epistemology akuyona nje umsebenzi wezemfundo kodwa futhi kuwumsebenzi osebenzayo ekucabangeni okujulile kanye nokuqaphela kakhudlwana ukuthi sazi kanjani lokho esizisholo ukuthi siyakwazi.
