Ukusebenza Kahle Kokukhiqiza Amandla
Ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ugesi kuyisici esibalulekile ekuhlinzekeni amandla athembekile, angabizi, futhi aqhubekayo. Ngokwesimo sokufunwa kukagesi okwanda njalo—emakhaya, embonini, kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi—izitshalo zikagesi ziyadingeka ukuze zikhiqize ugesi omkhulu ngenkathi zisebenzisa uphethiloli, amanzi, noma eminye imithombo yamandla kancane ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukusebenza kahle akulona nje igama lobuchwepheshe, kodwa kunalokho kuyinkomba yokuthi uhlelo lwamandla luguqula kahle kangakanani imithombo yamandla eyinhloko ibe ugesi ongasetshenziswa.
Ukuqonda ukusebenza kahle ekukhiqizeni ugesi
Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza kahle kwesitshalo samandla kuyisilinganiso samandla kagesi akhiqizwayo ekufakweni kwamandla ohlelweni. Uma isitshalo samandla esiphehlwa ngamalahle sishisa amalahle noma igesi, akuwona wonke amandla amakhemikhali avela kuphethiloli aguqulwa abe ugesi. Iningi lawo lilahleka njengokushisa okulahliwe, ukungqubuzana komshini, ukulahlekelwa kukagesi kujeneretha kanye ne-transformer, kanye nokulahlekelwa ohlelweni lokupholisa.
Ngesilinganiso esilula, isitshalo sikagesi esisebenza kahle ngo-35% sisho ukuthi kumayunithi ayi-100 amandla kaphethiloli, amayunithi angama-35 kuphela aguqulwa abe ugesi, kuyilapho amayunithi angama-65 elahleka njengokushisa noma okunye ukulahlekelwa. Nakuba lesi sibalo singase sibonakale siphansi, simelela iqiniso le-thermodynamic lezitshalo eziningi zamandla ezivamile. Inselele iwukunciphisa lokhu kulahlekelwa ngokuklama kobuchwepheshe, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokugcinwa kahle.
Kungani ukusebenza kahle kubalulekile?
Ukusebenza kahle kuhlobene ngqo nezindleko kanye nomthelela emvelweni. Izitshalo zikagesi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zidinga uphethiloli omncane ukuze zikhiqize inani elifanayo likagesi. Ngenxa yalokho, izindleko zokukhiqiza ugesi ziyancishiswa, izidingo zokuthutha uphethiloli ziyancishiswa, futhi ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa ukushisa kanye nokukhishwa kokungcola (njenge-SO₂, NOₓ, kanye nezinhlayiya) kuyancishiswa. Ngokwesilinganiso sikazwelonke, ukusebenza kahle okukhulu kusho nokuqina kokuphepha kwamandla, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ongenisiwe kungancishiswa futhi imithombo yamandla yasekhaya ihlala isikhathi eside.
Ngokombono wohlelo lwamandla, abakhiqizi abaphumelelayo bavame ukuba nokusebenza okuzinzile futhi bangasebenza ngendlela eguquguqukayo. Lokhu kubalulekile lapho igridi kagesi kufanele ilinganisele ukunikezwa kanye nesidingo esishintshashintshayo usuku lonke.
Izici ezithinta ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kukagesi
Ukusebenza kahle kwesitshalo sikagesi kuthonywa izici eziningi, okuhlanganisa uhlobo lobuchwepheshe, ikhwalithi kaphethiloli, izimo zokusebenza, kanye nobudala bemishini. Nazi ezinye izici ezibalulekile:
1. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ugesi
Uhlobo ngalunye lwesitshalo sikagesi lunemikhawulo ehlukile yokusebenza kahle. Izitshalo zikagesi ezihlanganisiwe ngokuvamile zisebenza kahle kakhulu kunezitshalo zikagesi ezivamile zomusi ngoba zisebenzisa ukushisa okulahliwe.
2. Izimo ze-Thermodynamic
Izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi yesitimu noma igesi esebenzayo kubalulekile. Uma izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kanye nengcindezi kuphakeme (ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuphepha kwezinto), kulapho ukusebenza kahle kukhuphuka khona.
3. Uhlelo lokupholisa
Izitshalo zamandla okushisa zidinga ukupholisa ukuze zisuse ukushisa. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo, ukutholakala kwamanzi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bombhoshongo wokupholisa kuthonya indlela ukushisa okungasuswa ngayo ngempumelelo. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi le-coolant ngokuvamile lisiza ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle.
4. Ikhwalithi kaphethiloli kanye nokusha
Okuqukethwe komswakama, inani lama-calories, kanye nokwakheka kukaphethiloli kuthinta ukusebenza kahle kokushisa. Ukushisa okungaphelele kwandisa ukulahleka kwamandla.
5. Ukugcinwa kanye nokuwohloka kwemishini
Ama-turbine agugile, ama-boiler angcolile, ukungcola kuma-heat exchanger, noma ukuvuza ezinhlelweni zomusi kunganciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle. Izitshalo ezindala zivame ukubhekana nokwehla kokusebenza uma zingathuthukiswanga.
6. Umthwalo osebenzayo (isici somthwalo)
Amajeneretha amaningi aklanyelwe ukusebenza kahle kakhulu emthwalweni othile (ngokuvamile eduze komthwalo ojwayelekile). Ukusebenza isikhathi eside emithwalweni ephansi kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle.
Ukuqhathanisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamajeneretha
Ukusebenza kahle akukwazi ukuqhathaniswa kalula kuzo zonke iziteshi zamandla ngenxa yemibono ehlukene yamandla okufaka. Kodwa-ke, ezitshalweni ezishisayo ezisebenzisa uphethiloli, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqula ukushisa kube ugesi kuyisilinganiso esivamile.
– Izitshalo zikagesi ezisebenzisa amalahle (isitimu esivamile): ngokuvamile ziphakathi kuka-33–40%, kuye ngobuchwepheshe bebhoyila, ingcindezi yesitimu, kanye nezimo zokusebenza.
– Umjikelezo ohlanganisiwe (igesi kanye nomusi/umjikelezo ohlanganisiwe): ungafinyelela cishe ku-50–62% ezindaweni zesimanje ngoba ukushisa kokukhipha okuvela ku-turbine yegesi kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza umusi owengeziwe.
– Isitshalo samandla se-turbine yegesi esilula (i-turbine yegesi kuphela): ngokuvamile siphansi kunesitshalo samandla se-turbine yegesi, cishe singu-30–40%, kodwa singcono kakhulu ekuphenduleni okusheshayo nasekuguquguqukeni.
– I-PLTD (idizili): ukusebenza kahle kuyahlukahluka, ngokuvamile 30–45% kuye ngesikali kanye nobuchwepheshe benjini.
– Amandla kagesi aphuma emanzini: ukusebenza kahle kokuguqula amandla omshini kusuka emanzini abe ugesi kungaba phezulu kakhulu (ngaphezu kuka-80–90%), kodwa ukutholakala kwamandla kuncike ekukhishweni kwamanzi kanye nezici zesizini.
– Amandla elanga nomoya: Igama elithi “ukusebenza kahle” livame ukubhekisela ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaphaneli elanga (ukuguqula ukukhanya kube ugesi) noma ukusebenza kahle kwe-airdynamic kwama-turbine omoya. Kodwa-ke, ezingeni lesistimu, izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokuvamile umthamo kanye nezindleko zamandla nge-kWh, njengoba umthombo wamandla “ukhululekile” futhi awushiswa.
Amasu okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kukagesi
Imizamo yokwandisa ukusebenza kahle ingatholakala ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza, kanye nokuphathwa kohlelo okungcono. Amanye amasu avame ukusetshenziswa yile:
1. Ukuthuthukiswa nokulungiswa kabusha
Ukushintsha izingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana nama-turbine, izilawuli zokushisa, noma izinhlelo zezinsimbi kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezitshalo ezikhona ngaphandle kokwakha amayunithi amasha. Ukwanda okuncane kwamazinga okushisa kungaletha ukonga okukhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
2. Ukulungiswa kokushisa kanye nokulawulwa kwedijithali
Izinhlelo zokulawula zesimanje ezisekelwe ezinzwa kanye nokuhlaziya zingagcina isilinganiso somoya-uphethiloli esifanele, zinciphise ukushisa okungaphelele, futhi zigcine amazinga okushisa okusebenza azinzile. Lokhu kunegalelo ekusebenzeni kahle futhi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi.
3. Ukubuyiselwa kokushisa okulahlwayo
Lo mqondo usebenza kahle kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi. Ukushisa okulahliwe kungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza umusi, ukufudumeza izinqubo zezimboni, noma ngisho nezinhlelo zokushisa zesifunda (emazweni anezinkathi ezine). Ngokukhiqizwa kabusha (i-CHP), ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuphelele kungaba phezulu kakhulu.
4. Ukulungiswa kokubikezela
Ngokuqapha ukudlidliza, izinga lokushisa, kanye nemingcele yokusebenza, izitshalo zikagesi zingabona ukuwohloka kokusebenza kusenesikhathi. Lokhu kuvumela ukulungiswa kwesikhathi esengeziwe futhi kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kanye nokusebenza okungekuhle.
5. Nciphisa ukulahleka kukagesi kwangaphakathi
Ukulahlekelwa yi-transformers, ama-motor, kanye nezinhlelo zokusabalalisa zangaphakathi kungancishiswa ngemishini esebenza kahle kanye nomklamo kagesi ofanele.
6. Ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokusebenza kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwe-HR
Abasebenzi abaqonda izici zamayunithi bangagcina isitshalo sisebenza kahle kakhulu, bagweme izinkampani ezintsha ezingadingekile, futhi baphathe umthwalo ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu.
Ukusebenza kahle kohlaka lokuguqulwa kwamandla
Phakathi kokushintshela emandleni aphansi kwekhabhoni, ukusebenza kahle kusalokhu kuyinto eza kuqala. Izinto ezivuselelekayo ezifana nelanga nomoya zikhula ngokushesha, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kusadlala indima ekugcineni ukuzinza kohlelo, ikakhulukazi lapho ukunikezwa okuvuselelwayo kushintshashintsha. Ngesikhathi sokuguquka, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kokushisa okusebenzayo kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi nge-kWh ngenkathi ingqalasizinda evuselelekayo, isitoreji samandla, kanye namagridi ahlakaniphile kuvuthwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kahle akuyona nje indaba yokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi nokusebenza kahle eceleni kwesidingo. Lapho ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kusebenza kahle, isidingo sokwakha iziteshi ezintsha zamandla siyancipha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusebenzisa kuyahambisana ukuze kufezwe uhlelo lwamandla oluhlanzekile nolungabizi kakhulu.
Isiphetho
Ukusebenza kahle kwezitshalo zamandla kuyisilinganiso esibalulekile sokuthi imithombo yamandla eguqulwa kanjani ibe ugesi ngendlela efanele. Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kunemiphumela ebalulekile: ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, kanye nokuqinisa ukuphepha kwamandla. Izici ezahlukahlukene—kusukela kubuchwepheshe kanye nezimo zokusebenza kuya ekunakekelweni—zithonya ukusebenza kahle kwesitshalo samandla. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje, ukwenza ngcono ukulawula, ukusetshenziswa kokushisa okulahlwayo, kanye nokuphathwa kokusebenza okuqinisiwe, ukusebenza kahle kungathuthukiswa kakhulu. Ukubhekana nezinselele zokufunwa kwamandla kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukusebenza kahle kwezitshalo zamandla kuyisinyathelo esiqondile, esisheshayo sokudala uhlelo lukagesi oluthembeke kakhulu noluqhubekayo.
