Isici Samandla Kuhlelo Lwamandla Kagesi
Ezinhlelweni zamandla kagesi, igama elithi power factor livame ukuvela lapho kuxoxwa ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla, ikhwalithi yokunikezwa kwamandla, kanye nezindleko zikagesi ezakhiweni zezimboni nezentengiselwano. Nakuba kungase kuzwakale njengobuchwepheshe, umqondo we power factor empeleni ubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke, njengoba cishe yonke imishini kagesi—kusukela ezimotweni nasezibanini kuya kumadivayisi kagesi—ithinta i power factor ekufakweni. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngencazelo ye power factor, izimbangela zayo, imiphumela emibi ye low power factor, indlela yokuyilinganisa, kanye nendlela yokuyithuthukisa.
Ukuqonda Amandla
Isici samandla (PF) yisilinganiso samandla asebenzayo (P) namandla abonakalayo (S) kusekethe yamanje eshintshanayo (AC). Ngokwezibalo:
PF = P / S
– Amandla asebenzayo (P) avezwa ngama-watts (W) noma ama-kilowatts (kW), okungukuthi amandla asetshenziswa empeleni ukukhiqiza umsebenzi wangempela njengokuguqula injini, ukufudumeza isici sokushisa, noma ukukhanyisa isibani.
– Amandla abonakalayo (S) avezwa ngama-volt-ampere (VA) noma ama-kilovolt-ampere (kVA), okuwumphumela wokuphindaphinda i-voltage kanye nomthamo wamanje ophelele ogeleza ohlelweni.
– Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amandla asabelayo (Q) avezwa ku-var (VAr) noma ku-kVAr, okungukuthi amandla agcinwayo futhi abuyiselwe emuva naphambili evela ensimini yamagnetic/kagesi kumthwalo obangela noma we-capacitive.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalaba abathathu buchazwa ngonxantathu wamandla: u-P njengohlangothi oluvundlile, u-Q njengohlangothi oluqondile, kanye no-S njengo-hypotenuse.
Kumthwalo ofanele wokumelana kuphela (isb. i-heater kagesi), ugesi usesimweni se-voltage ukuze i-PF isondele ku-1. Kodwa-ke, emithwalweni eminingi yangempela, ikakhulukazi leyo ebangela ugesi, ugesi usala ngemuva kwe-voltage ukuze i-power factor yehle.
Izinhlobo Zezici Zamandla: Ukulibala Nokuhola
Isici samandla asigcini nje ngobukhulu baso (isib. 0,7 noma 0,95), kodwa futhi nesimo saso:
1. Isici samandla esibambekayo
Kwenzeka emithwalweni yokungenisa amandla efana nama-induction motors, ama-transformer, ama-ballast esibani se-fluorescent, kanye nama-coil. Amandla ahlala ngemuva kwe-voltage. Lena yimbangela evame kakhulu yamandla aphansi ekufakweni kwezimboni.
2. Isici samandla esiholayo
Kwenzeka emithwalweni ye-capacitive. I-voltage yamanje ye-lead. I-leading power factor ivame ukwenzeka lapho kufakwa ama-capacitor amaningi kakhulu noma lapho kunemishini yokunciphisa amandla esabela ngokweqile.
Ekusetshenzisweni kwesistimu yamandla, izici zamandla eziphansi zivame kakhulu futhi zivame ukuba yizisulu zokuthuthukiswa ngokufakwa kwe-capacitor.
Kungani I-Power Factor Ingaba Phansi?
Isici samandla aphansi ngokuvamile sibangelwa ukwanda kwezidingo zamandla asabelayo. Ezinye zezimbangela ezivamile zifaka:
– Imithwalo eyinhloko yokungenisa: ama-motor, ama-compressor, amaphampu, amafeni, kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza.
– Injini esebenza kancane (elayishwe kancane): injini enamandla amakhulu kodwa esetshenziselwa imithwalo emincane isamunca amandla aphezulu okusabela, okwenza i-PF yehle.
– Ukusetshenziswa kwama-ballast avamile: ezibanini ze-fluorescent noma ezibanini zokukhipha igesi.
– Izinhlelo zokusabalalisa ezineziguquli ezingafanele: iziguquli ezisebenza ngaphansi kakhulu kwamandla zingabangela ukwakheka kwamandla okungasebenzi kahle.
– Ama-Harmonic avela emithwalweni engeyona eqondile: Amadivayisi kagesi anezihlungi (isb., ama-UPS, ama-inverter, amakhompyutha, ama-VFD) anganciphisa i-total power factor ngokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwamanje. Lokhu kuvame ukuxoxwa ngakho njenge-power factor yangempela vs. i-displacement power factor.
Ngamanye amazwi, i-low power factor ayibangelwa nje kuphela “umehluko wesigaba”, kodwa futhi ingathonywa yikhwalithi yegagasi lamanje.
Umthelela We-Low Power Factor Kuhlelo Lwamandla
Isici samandla aphansi sinemiphumela yobuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho. Umthelela oyinhloko ukuthi kudingeka ugesi omkhulu ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla asebenzayo afanayo. Uma ugesi umkhulu, kulapho ukulahlekelwa kanye nokwehla kwamandla kagesi kuba kukhulu khona.
Eminye yemiphumela ebalulekile:
1. Ukulahlekelwa amandla kuyanda
Ukulahlekelwa yithusi kumakhebula nama-transformer kuyalingana ne-I²R. Uma ugesi ukhuphuka ngenxa ye-PF ephansi, ukulahlekelwa ukushisa kuyanda kakhulu, okusho ukuthi amandla asetshenzisiwe kanye nokushisa kwemishini okungenzeka kuyanda.
2. Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi amakhulu
Ugesi ophezulu ubangela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi, okwenza amandla kagesi emthwalweni anciphe futhi athinte ukusebenza kwemishini, ikakhulukazi injini.
3. Umthamo wemishini yesistimu uncishisiwe
Ama-transformer, ama-generator, kanye nezintambo zinemikhawulo yamandla kagesi. Uma amandla kagesi eba phezulu ngenxa ye-PF ephansi, amandla esistimu okuletha amandla asebenzayo ayancipha. Lokhu kuphumela ekuthuthukisweni kwemishini, noma ngabe isidingo sangempela se-kW asibalulekile.
4. Izinhlawulo ezingaba khona zezindleko zikagesi
Kwamakhasimende athile ezimboni/ezentengiselwano, izinsiza zibeka izinhlawulo noma amanani akhethekile uma isici samandla siwela ngaphansi komkhawulo (isb., 0,85 noma 0,9). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinsiza kumele zidlulise amaza aphezulu futhi zinikeze amandla okukhiqiza/okusabalalisa amandla asebenzayo.
5. Ikhwalithi yamandla iyehla
Amandla aphezulu okusabela kanye nama-harmonics kungabangela ukuzwakala kwe-resonance, kuphazamise ukuvikelwa, futhi kube kubi kakhulu ikhwalithi ye-voltage iyonke.
Ukulinganiswa Kwezinto Zamandla
Isici samandla singalinganiswa ngezindlela eziningana:
– Imitha yamandla/umhlaziyi wamandla: ithuluzi elivame kakhulu lokulinganisa i-kW, i-kVAr, i-kVA, kanye ne-PF. Abahlaziyi bamandla banamuhla bangabonisa futhi ama-harmonics kanye ne-true power factor.
– Amamitha e-kWh ezimboni (amamitha amakhasimende): amanye amamitha abonisa isilinganiso samandla.
– Ukubalwa kusuka kudatha yomthwalo: uma u-P (kW) no-S (kVA) baziwa, khona-ke i-PF ingabalwa ngqo nge-PF = P/S. Uma u-P no-Q baziwa, khona-ke u-S = √(P² + Q²).
Ekuhlolweni kwamandla ezimboni, ukulinganiswa kwamandla kuvame ukwenziwa kuphaneli eyinhloko ukuze kubonwe isimo sonke sokufakwa, bese kuqhutshekwa ku-feeders ezithile ukuze kutholakale imithombo yamandla aphezulu asabelayo noma ama-harmonics.
Indlela Yokuthuthukisa Amandla
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kuhlose ukunciphisa inani lamandla asabelayo adonswa kugridi. Izindlela ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
1. Ukufakwa kwebhange le-capacitor
Ama-capacitor akhiqiza amandla okusabela anamandla alinganisela amandla okusabela ashukumisayo. Amabhange e-capacitor angafakwa:
– Ngamunye (eduze komthwalo, isib. injini enkulu)
– Iqembu (leqembu lemithwalo)
– Ephakathi (kuphaneli eyinhloko, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo/lwesinyathelo)
Uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo (ukulungiswa kwamandla okuzenzakalelayo/i-APFC) luvula noma luvale i-step capacitor ngokuya ngezinguquko zomthwalo ukuze i-PF ihlale isendaweni eqondiwe.
2. Ukusebenzisa i-condenser ehambisanayo noma injini ehambisanayo
Ama-motor ahambisanayo asebenza ngokuvuselela okuthile angakhiqiza noma amunce amandla okusabela. Le ndlela ivame kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezinkulu/ezisetshenziswayo kanye nasezimbonini ezithile.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi kagesi esimanje (asebenzayo)
Ngemithwalo ene-harmonics ephezulu, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla ngezinye izikhathi kudinga:
– Isihlungi se-Passive harmonic (isihlungi esilungisiwe se-LC)
– Isihlungi samandla esisebenzayo (i-APF)
– I-STATCOM/SVC (isinxephezelo esishintshayo esishintshayo ezingeni lesistimu)
Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba ukufaka nje i-capacitor endaweni ene-harmonic ephezulu kungabangela ukuzwakala kanye nomonakalo.
4. Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemishini
Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukulungisa usayizi wenjini ukuze ihambisane nomthwalo, ukucima ama-motor angasebenzi, noma ukufaka esikhundleni ama-motor amadala ngama-motor asebenza kahle kakhulu anezici ezingcono zamandla.
Izinto Okufanele Uzicabangele Lapho Ulungisa Amandla
Nakuba ukulungiswa kwe-PF kuwusizo, kumele kusetshenziswe ngendlela efanele. Amaphuzu abalulekile:
– Ungakhokhisi ngokweqile: into ehamba phambili yamandla ingabangela ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi noma izinkinga zokungazinzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
– Naka ama-harmonics: ukufakwa nge-VFD/UPS kuvame ukudinga ama-capacitor ahlukanisiwe (ama-reactor ochungechunge) ukuze kugwenywe ukuzwakala komsindo.
– Ukubekwa nokuvikelwa: amabhange e-capacitor adinga ukuvikelwa kokushisa okuphezulu, ama-capacitor contactor akhethekile, kanye nokuphefumula/ukupholisa okwanele.
– Umgomo we-PF ongokoqobo: ngokuvamile, umgomo ongu-0,95 muhle. Ukuphishekela i-PF eseduze no-1,00 akuwona njalo owonga imali.
Isiphetho
Isici samandla siyisibonakaliso esibalulekile ezinhlelweni zamandla kagesi ngoba sihlobene ngqo nokusebenza kahle kokulethwa kwamandla, umthamo wemishini, ikhwalithi ye-voltage, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza. Isici samandla aphansi—ngokuvamile esibangelwa yimithwalo yokungenisa kanye nama-harmonics—sibangela ukwanda kwamaza, ukulahlekelwa okwandisiwe, ukwehla kwamandla kagesi okwandisiwe, futhi singabangela izinhlawulo zezinsiza. Isixazululo esivame kakhulu ukufakwa kwamabhange e-capacitor (ngokuvamile anezilawuli ezizenzakalelayo), kodwa izinhlelo ezinama-harmonics zidinga indlela ecophelelayo ngokusebenzisa izihlungi noma isinxephezelo esisebenzayo. Ngokuhlolwa okufanele kanye nohlelo lokulungisa olufanele, ukufakwa kwamandla kagesi kungaba ngcono, kube okuthembekile, futhi kube ngokonga.
Uma uthanda, ngingangeza nesibonelo sokubala ukulungiswa kwamandla (isb. kusukela ku-PF 0,75 kuya ku-0,95) okugcwele izinyathelo zokunquma i-kVAr edingekayo ye-capacitor.
