Ama-Turbine Amanzi Ezitshalweni Zamandla Kagesi Angaphansi Komoya
Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi (i-PLTA) angenye yemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo endala kakhulu esetshenziswa ngabantu. Emazweni amaningi, kufaka phakathi i-Indonesia, izitshalo zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ugesi ozinzile nonobungani nemvelo. Ngemuva kohlelo lwamandla kagesi olubonakala lulula—ukugeleza kwamanzi bese kukhiqizwa ugesi—kukhona ingxenye ebalulekile enquma impumelelo yokuguqulwa kwamandla: i-hydro turbine. I-hydro turbine “inhliziyo” yesitshalo samandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi, njengoba kuyileli thuluzi eliguqula amandla angase abe namandla e-kinetic amanzi abe amandla omshini ajikelezayo, abese eguqulwa abe amandla kagesi yijeneretha.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokusebenza Zezitshalo Zamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
Ngokuvamile, izitshalo zikagesi ezisebenza ngamanzi zisebenza ngokusebenzisa umehluko ekugelezeni kwekhanda namanzi. Amanzi agcinwe ezindlini zokugcina amanzi noma ageleza emifuleni aqondiswa ngemigodi yokudonsa amanzi ukuze kwandiswe ingcindezi nokulawula amazinga okugeleza kwamanzi. Lapho la manzi acindezelwe eshaya ama-blade e-turbine, i-turbine iyajikeleza. Ukujikeleza kwe-turbine shaft bese kuqhuba i-generator, ikhiqize ugesi.
Amandla ahilelekile kule nqubo angaqondwa ngomqondo olula: lapho ikhanda likhulu (ukuphakama lapho amanzi ewela khona) kanye nokukhishwa okukhulu (umthamo wamanzi ngomzuzwana), kulapho amandla angakhiqizwa khona makhulu khona. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine, ukwakheka kwemisele yamanzi, kanye nezimo zokusebenza kunquma kakhulu ukuthi angakanani amandla amanzi angaguqulwa abe ugesi.
Indima Ebalulekile Yama-Water Turbines
Ama-turbine amanzi awasebenzi nje kuphela njengabaguquli bamandla kodwa futhi njengabalawuli bendlela amanzi aguqulwa ngayo abe yi-torque kanye nokujikeleza. Ukukhetha uhlobo lwe-turbine olufanele kuzonquma ukusebenza kahle, isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini, ngisho nezindleko zokulungisa. I-turbine ekhethiwe kumele ivumelane nezici zendawo, ikakhulukazi ikhanda kanye nesivinini sokugeleza.
Ensimini, alukho uhlobo olulodwa lwe-turbine olufanele zonke izimo. Ngakho-ke, abaklami bamandla kagesi bahlola idatha ye-hydrological, i-topography, kanye nezidingo zamandla ngaphambi kokukhetha i-turbine ezofakwa.
Izinhlobo Zama-Water Turbine Asetshenziswa Kaningi
Ama-turbine amanzi ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi asebenza ngamanzi ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu ngokusekelwe endleleni asebenzisa ngayo amandla amanzi: ama-turbine e-impulse kanye nama-turbine okusabela.
1. I-Impulse Turbine (I-Impulse Turbine)
Ama-turbine ashukumisayo asebenza ngokusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic amanzi ngesimo se-jet enesivinini esikhulu. Amanzi acindezelwe akhishwa nge-nozzle bese eshaya ama-blade e-turbine, okwenza i-turbine ijikeleze. Ingcindezi yamanzi ezungeze i-runner (ingxenye ejikelezayo ye-turbine) ngokuvamile iseduze nengcindezi yomoya, ngakho-ke izinguquko zengcindezi zenzeka ikakhulukazi ku-nozzle, hhayi ku-runner.
Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zama-turbine e-impulse yilezi:
– I-Pelton Turbine
Ama-turbine e-Pelton afanelekela amakhanda aphezulu kanye namazinga okugeleza amancane kuya kwaphakathi. Lawa ma-turbine anezinsika ezimise okwebhakede eliphindwe kabili ezenzelwe ukuphula i-water jet nokuguqula indlela yokugeleza, okufeza ukushukuma okuphezulu kakhulu. Ama-turbine e-Pelton asetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni ezinezintaba ezinomehluko omkhulu wokuphakama.
Izinzuzo zama-implifier turbines ukwakheka kwawo okulula, ukusebenza kahle ezindaweni eziphakeme, kanye nokulula kokugcinwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zamanzi. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezinama-implifier aphansi kanye nokukhishwa okuphezulu, ama-implifier turbines ngokuvamile akuyona inketho engabizi.
2. I-Reaction Turbine (I-Reaction Turbine)
Ngokungafani nama-turbine ashukumisayo, ama-turbine aphendulayo asebenza ngenxa yezinguquko ekucindezelweni kwamanzi kanye nesivinini njengoba edlula ku-runner. I-turbine isebenza ngaphakathi kwendlu ye-turbine (ikheyisi) futhi ivame ukucwiliswa emanzini. Lapha, amandla amanzi aguqulwa abe amandla omshini ngokuhlanganiswa kwamandla okusunduza kanye nokusabela okuvela ekwehlukeni kwengcindezi.
Ama-turbine okusabela asetshenziswa kakhulu ahlanganisa:
– I-turbine kaFrancis
Ama-turbine e-Francis ayindlela eguquguqukayo kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ezitshalweni ezinkulu zamandla kagesi. Afanelekela amakhanda aphakathi nendawo kanye nokukhishwa okuphakathi nendawo. Amanzi angena ngemisebe futhi aphume nge-axial, edlula ezinsikeni ezenzelwe ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle ngaphezu kobubanzi obuthile bokusebenza. Ama-turbine e-Francis ayinketho ethandwayo ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo okuzinzile, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, kanye nokufaneleka ezimweni eziningi ezahlukene.
– I-Kaplan Turbine (kanye ne-Propeller)
Ama-turbine e-Kaplan afanelekela ukugeleza kwamanzi aphansi kanye nokuphuma kwamanzi amaningi, isibonelo, emifuleni emikhulu noma emadamini anokuphakama okulingene kokuwa kwamanzi. Ama-turbine e-Kaplan anama-blade alungisekayo, avumela ukuthi alondoloze ukusebenza kahle naphezu kokushintsha kokugeleza kwamanzi. Uhlobo olulula yi-propeller turbine, kodwa lokhu ngokuvamile akunalo ukulungiswa kwama-blade, okuholela ekuguquguqukeni okuncane.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Ze-Water Turbine
Nakuba izinhlobo zama-turbine zihluka, kunezingxenye ezibalulekile ezivame ukuba khona ohlelweni lwe-hydroelectric turbine:
1. Umgijimi (isondo le-turbine): ingxenye ejikelezayo ethola amandla emanzini.
2. Ama-blade/amabhakede: izakhi ezisebenzisana ngqo nokugeleza kwamanzi.
3. Umgodi: udlulisela ukujikeleza kwe-turbine kujeneretha.
4. Ama-vane aqondisayo/amasango e-wicket: alawula indlela kanye nenani lokugeleza kwamanzi kuya kumgijimi, okubalulekile ekulawuleni amandla kanye nokuzinza.
5. Ibhokisi: indlu ye-turbine eqondisa ukugeleza futhi igcine ingcindezi (ikakhulukazi yama-response turbine).
6. Ipayipi lokudonsa: ipayipi lokusabalalisa ohlangothini lokukhipha ipayipi (ngokuvamile kuma-turbine okusabela) elisiza ekubuyiseleni ingcindezi nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zingxenye kunquma ukusebenza kwe-turbine, kokubili ngaphansi kwezimo zomthwalo ophezulu kanye nezimo zomthwalo oyingxenye.
Ukukhethwa Kwe-Turbine Okunquma Izici
Ekuklameni isitshalo samandla kagesi ngamanzi, ukukhethwa kwe-turbine kucabangela izici eziningana eziyinhloko:
– Ikhanda elisebenzayo: umehluko wangempela wokuphakama ngemva kokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kokungqubuzana epayipini.
– Ukukhishwa okutholakalayo: ukukhishwa okujwayelekile konyaka kanye nokwehluka kwesizini.
– Isivinini sokujikeleza esifunekayo: esihlobene nokuvumelanisa kwejeneretha kanye nemvamisa yesistimu kagesi.
– Izimo zamanzi: inhlabathi, isihlabathi, noma okuqukethwe kwezinto ezihuquzelayo okungasheshisa ukuguguleka.
– Izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokugcinwa: okuhlanganisa ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezisele kanye nokulula kokugcinwa.
Isibonelo, i-turbine ye-Kaplan idlula zonke ezinye izindlela zokugeleza, kodwa indlela esebenza ngayo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-Pelton ilula kwezinye izindlela, kodwa idinga ikhanda eliphezulu ukuze ikwazi ukonga.
Ukusebenza Kahle Kakhulu kanye Nezinselele
Ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine kuyipharamitha ebalulekile ngoba kuthinta ngqo inani likagesi elingakhiqizwa. Ama-turbine esimanje angafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ngisho nangaphezulu kuka-90% ngaphansi kwezimo zokuklama. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwangempela kuvame ukubhekana nezinselele ezifana nalezi:
– Ukucasuka: ukwakheka kwamabhamuza omusi ngenxa yokwehla kwengcindezi yendawo okungalimaza ubuso be-blade.
– Ukuqhekeka kwenhlabathi: izinhlayiya zesihlabathi nodaka ziguguda izimbambo kanye nezindawo zokuqondisa, ikakhulukazi emifuleni enenhlabathi ephezulu.
– Ukwehluka komthwalo: izinguquko ekudingweni kukagesi ziphoqa i-turbine ukuthi isebenze ngaphandle kwephuzu lokusebenza kahle kakhulu.
– Ukudlidliza kanye nokuguga kwamabhereyi: kunganciphisa ukuthembeka uma kungaqashelwa.
Ngakho-ke, izitshalo zamandla kagesi zanamuhla ngokuvamile zihlonyiswe ngezinhlelo zokulawula nokuqapha isimo ukuze kutholakale ukungalingani kusenesikhathi.
Igalelo lama-Hydro Turbines kuMandla Aqhubekayo
Ama-hydro turbine asiza ekuhlinzekeni ugesi ngokukhishwa okuphansi kokusebenza kunezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa uphethiloli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugesi wamanzi ungasebenza njengesiqinisi segridi ngoba ungasabela ngokushesha ezinguqukweni zomthwalo. Kwezinye izinhlelo, ugesi wamanzi uhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokugcina ezipompiwe ukugcina amandla, okwenza ama-turbine abe yinto ebalulekile ekusekeleni ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla elanga nawomoya.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela imiphumela yezemvelo neyenhlalo yengqalasizinda yamadamu, njengokushintsha kwezindawo zemvelo zemifula kanye nokufuduka komphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa kwendawo, ukwakheka kwe-turbine, kanye nokuphathwa kokugeleza kwamanzi kumele kwenziwe ngendlela efanele.
I-Penutup
Ama-turbine amanzi ayinhliziyo yezitshalo zamandla kagesi, aguqula amandla amanzi abe ukujikeleza komshini okube sekukhiqiza ugesi. Uhlobo lwe-turbine—uPelton, uFrancis, uKaplan, nabanye—lukhethwa ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sokugeleza kwekhanda nokugeleza, kanye nokucatshangelwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho. Ngomklamo ofanele, ama-turbine amanzi angasebenza kahle kakhulu nangokuthembekile, esekela ukuhlinzekwa kukagesi kwesikhathi eside. Phakathi kwesidingo somhlaba wonke samandla ahlanzekile, ama-turbine amanzi ahlala ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile obuqhubeka nokukhula, kokubili ngokusebenza kahle, ukuqina kwezinto, kanye nekhono lokusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene.
