Ukulawulwa Kwevolumu Ezinhlelweni Zamandla
Ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi ohlelweni lwamandla kagesi kuyinqubo yokugcina amazinga kagesi ezindaweni ezahlukene kunethiwekhi—kusukela ekukhiqizweni, ekudlulisweni kwamandla kagesi, ekusabalalisweni, ngisho nakumakhasimende—ngaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo. Amandla kagesi aphansi kakhulu (angaphansi kwamandla kagesi) noma aphezulu kakhulu (angaphezu kwamandla kagesi) angonakalisa ikhwalithi yokunikezwa kwamandla kagesi, andise ukulahlekelwa, asheshise ukuguga kwemishini, futhi abangele ukuphazamiseka kohlelo. Ngenxa yokuthi imithwalo kagesi ihlala ishintshashintsha, ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi kungenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kohlelo lwamandla lwanamuhla.
Kungani Kufanele Kulawulwe I-Voltage?
Okungcono kakhulu, amakhasimende athola i-voltage eseduze nenani elijwayelekile (isb., 220/380 V ohlangothini oluphansi) ngokuphambuka okuncane. Ezimweni zangempela, ukuhlukahluka komthwalo, isikhala se-conductor, kanye nokucushwa kwenethiwekhi kubangela ukwehla kwe-voltage kulayini. Njengoba umthwalo ukhuphuka, ugesi uyanda, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa ukwehla kwe-voltage kulayini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngaphansi kwemithwalo elula noma lapho kufakwa amandla asabela ngokweqile, i-voltage inganda.
Imithelela ye-voltage engaphansi kwejwayelekile isakazeke kakhulu. Ama-induction motors, isibonelo, azodonsa amandla amaningi uma i-voltage yehla ukuze alondoloze i-torque, okubangela ukuthi ashise kakhulu futhi asheshise ukwehluleka. Ezinhlelweni zokukhanyisa, i-voltage ephansi inciphisa izibani, kuyilapho i-voltage ephezulu ifinyeza isikhathi sazo sokuphila. Imishini kagesi ebucayi idinga i-voltage ezinzile ukuze isebenze kahle. Kuma-utility, ukuphambuka kwe-voltage kungandisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla, kunciphise ukusebenza kahle, futhi kube kubi kakhulu izinkomba zekhwalithi yamandla.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo : Amandla Asebenzayo kanye nephrofayili yeVoltage
Isihluthulelo sokulawulwa kwamandla kagesi ohlelweni lwamandla ukuphathwa kwamandla asebenzayo (i-VAR). Ngokuvamile, ukuhamba kwamandla asebenzayo kuthinta kakhulu amazinga kagesi, ikakhulukazi kumanethiwekhi ane-impedance ebusayo yokusabela (njengemigqa yokudlulisa). Uma uhlelo lungenawo amandla asebenzayo, amandla kagesi avame ukwehla. Uma uhlelo lunamandla asebenzayo ngokweqile, amandla kagesi avame ukukhuphuka.
Lobu budlelwano buvame ukuchazwa ngejika le-V-Q: izinguquko ekufakweni kwe-VAR noma ekumuncweni ebhasini zizoshintsha i-voltage yebhasi. Ngakho-ke, abalawuli abaningi be-voltage abasebenza ngokusebenza basebenza njengabalawuli be-VAR, kungaba ngokukhiqiza, ukumunca, noma ukulawula ukusatshalaliswa kwabo kunethiwekhi.
Izindinganiso Nemikhawulo Ye-Voltage
Imithethonqubo yobuchwepheshe ivame ukucacisa ukubekezelelana kwamandla kagesi athile ezindaweni zokulethwa kwamakhasimende. Ezinhlelweni eziningi zokusabalalisa , ukuhlukahluka okuvunyelwe kusuka cishe ku-±5% kuya ku-±10% yenani elijwayelekile, kuye ngesigaba esijwayelekile nesamakhasimende. Ezinhlelweni zokudlulisa, imikhawulo yama-voltage emabhasini amakhulu nayo ilawulwa ngokuqinile ngoba ithinta ukuzinza kokusebenza nokuphepha.
Ngaphezu kwamanani e-steady-state, opharetha banaka nezimo ze-transient voltage ezifana nokuwa (ukwehla kwe-voltage okufushane), ukuvuvukala (ukwanda okufushane), kanye nokufiphala. Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile ekulawulweni kwe-steady-state voltage, amadivayisi okulawula i-fast voltage angasiza ekunciphiseni lezi zinkinga eziguquguqukayo.
Izindlela Nemishini Yokulawula I-Voltage
Ukulawulwa kwe-voltage kwenziwa emazingeni amaningana, kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yamadivayisi alandelayo.
1) Uhlelo Lokuvusa Injini (Umlawuli We-Voltage Ozenzakalelayo/AVR)
Esitshalweni sikagesi, i-AVR ilawula ugesi ovuselelayo wejeneretha ehambisanayo ukuze ilawule ugesi wayo wokugcina. Ngokwandisa ugesi, ijeneretha inganikeza amandla asabelayo kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise ugesi wesistimu. Ngokunciphisa ugesi, ijeneretha imunca ama-VAR futhi yehlise ugesi. Impendulo ye-AVR ishesha kakhulu futhi isebenza njengomugqa oyinhloko wokuzivikela ekugcineni ugesi esitshalweni sikagesi kanye nemigqa yokudlulisa eseduze.
Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwejenereyitha kunqunyelwe yijika lamandla elihlobene nemikhawulo yokushisa ye-stator/rotor kanye nemikhawulo yokuzinza. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi akumelwe kuphoqe ijenereyitha ukuthi isebenze ngale kwemingcele yayo ephephile.
2) I-Transformer ene-On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC)
Ezinhlelweni zokudlulisa nokusabalalisa , ama-transformer e-OLTC avumela izinguquko kusilinganiso sokujika ngenkathi i-transformer isasebenza. Ngokushintsha impompi, i-voltage yesibili ingaphakanyiswa noma yehliswe ukuze kugcinwe i-voltage ku-feeder noma ibhasi elithile lokusabalalisa.
Ama-OLTC asebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhokheleni ukushintshashintsha komthwalo wansuku zonke, kodwa impendulo yawo ayisheshi njengamadivayisi kagesi anamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha njalo kompompi kungasheshisa ukuguguleka komshini koxhumana nabo bokushintsha kompompi. Ngakho-ke, abalawuli be-OLTC bavame ukuba ne-deadband kanye nokulibaziseka kwesikhathi ukuvimbela "ukuzingela" ngesikhathi sokushintshashintsha okuncane.
3) Ama-Shunt Capacitors kanye nama-Shunt Reactors
Ama-capacitor e-shunt afakwa kunethiwekhi ukuze anikeze amandla okusabela endawo, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise ugesi ophendulayo okumele ugeleze usuka emthonjeni okude. Umphumela uba ukwehla kwamandla kagesi, ukwehla kokulahlekelwa yi-IR, kanye nokwanda kwamandla kagesi okugcina umthwalo. Ama-capacitor avame ukusetshenziswa ekusabalaliseni (amabhange e-capacitor) kanye nasekudluliseni.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-reactor e-shunt asetshenziselwa ukumunca amandla amaningi okusabela, isibonelo emigqeni yokudlulisela emide, elayishwe kancane ebhekene nomphumela we-Ferranti (ukwanda kwamandla okwamukela). Ama-reactor asiza ukugcina ukwanda kwamandla okusebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele.
Ama-capacitor nama -reactor angalungiswa noma ashintshwe kusetshenziswa ama-circuit breaker alawulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokusekelwe ku-voltage, i-power factor, noma i-schedule.
4) I-SVC ne-STATCOM (Iyaguquguquka futhi iyashesha)
Ezinhlelweni zesimanje, amadivayisi e-FACTS afana nama-SVC (Static VAR Compensators) kanye nama-STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensators) ahlinzeka ngesinxephezelo se-VAR esisheshayo nesiqhubekayo. Ama-SVC asebenzisa i-thyristors ukulawula ukusabela okusebenzayo, kuyilapho ama-STATCOM esebenzisa i-voltage source inverter (VSC) ukufaka i-reactive current elawulwayo.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yale divayisi ukusabela kwayo okusheshayo okuguquguqukayo, okuwusizo kakhulu ekumelaneni nokwehla kwamandla kagesi okungazelelwe, ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwamandla kagesi, nokusiza uhlelo ukuthi lubhekane nokuphazamiseka noma izinguquko ezinkulu zomthwalo.
5) Ukulawulwa Kwe-Voltage Ekusabalalisweni: Abalawuli Be-Voltage kanye Nokulawulwa Komthwalo
Kumanethiwekhi okusabalalisa aphakathi nendawo, abalawuli bamandla kagesi (ama-autotransformer anama-tap changer) bavame ukufakwa phakathi kwama-feeder ukuze kugcinwe amandla kagesi amakhasimende ekugcineni kwenethiwekhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulungiswa kabusha kwenethiwekhi kanye nokwabelana ngomthwalo phakathi kwama-feeder nakho kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni iphrofayili yamandla kagesi.
Ngasohlangothini lwamakhasimende ezimboni, ukusetshenziswa kwama-capacitor okulungisa amandla, izihlungi ze-harmonic, noma amadivayisi okunciphisa amandla kunganciphisa izidingo ze-VAR zegridi futhi kugcine i-voltage yangaphakathi yesitshalo izinzile.
6) Indima Yamandla Avuselelekayo Nama-Inverter Esimanje
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezitshalo zamandla avuselelekayo ezisekelwe ku-inverter (PLTS, PLTB) kushintsha indlela i-voltage elawulwa ngayo. Ama-inverter esimanje anganikeza ukulawula kwe-VAR (Volt-VAR) kanye nokulawulwa kwe-Volt-Watt ukuvimbela i-overvoltage kuma-feeder anokungena okuphezulu kwe-PV. Kodwa-ke, ukubambisana phakathi kwama-inverter, ama-OLTC, nama-capacitor sekuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukugwema ukuguquguquka kokulawula noma izenzo ezingqubuzanayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kokulawulwa Kwe-Voltage
Ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi akukhona nje ukusebenzisa idivayisi eyodwa, kodwa kunalokho ukuxhumanisa amadivayisi amaningi ngezikali zesikhathi ezahlukene:
– Okusheshayo (ama-milliseconds-seconds): ijeneretha i-AVR, i-SVC/STATCOM, isilawuli se-inverter.
– Okuphakathi (imizuzwana–imizuzu): ukushintsha kwe-capacitor/reactor, ukusetha i-voltage setpoint.
– Okuhamba kancane (imizuzu–amahora): Ama-transformer e-OLTC, ukucushwa kabusha kwenethiwekhi, ukuthunyelwa kokukhiqiza okusabelayo.
Esikhungweni sokulawula, opharetha baqapha i-voltage yebhasi, ukugeleza kwamandla okusabela, kanye nesimo semishini. Izifundo zokugeleza komthwalo zisetshenziselwa ukuhlela nokuhlola izimo zokusebenza. Ezinhlelweni ezinkulu, izinhlelo zokulawula okuzenzakalelayo ezifana ne-Automatic Voltage Control (AVC) noma i-Volt/VAR Optimization (VVO) zisiza ukugcina i-voltage ngenkathi kunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla.
Inselele: Ukuzinza Kwe-Voltage Nokuwa Kwe-Voltage
Enye yezingozi ezinkulu kakhulu ukuwa kwamandla kagesi, isimo lapho uhlelo lungakwazi ukugcina amandla kagesi ngenxa yokuntuleka kokusekelwa okusabelayo, ngokuvamile ngemva kokuphazamiseka noma ngesikhathi semithwalo ephezulu. Amandla kagesi ayehla, imithwalo idonsa amandla kagesi amaningi, isidingo se-VAR siyanda, futhi ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kuya kuba kubi kakhulu—okwakha umjikelezo ongaholela ekucinyweni kwamandla kagesi okusabalele.
Ukuvimbela lokhu kudinga izinqolobane ezanele zokusabela, ukubekwa okufanele kwama-compensator, ukuvikelwa okuhlelekile, kanye nokuqapha imingcele yokuqina kwamandla kagesi (isb. ngokuhlaziywa kwejika le-PV kanye nejika le-QV).
Isiphetho
Ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi ohlelweni lwamandla kuyinhlanganisela yamasu obuchwepheshe nawokusebenza ukuze kulondolozwe ikhwalithi nokuthembeka kokuhlinzekwa kukagesi. Ingqikithi yezinkinga zama-voltage ihlobene kakhulu nokuphathwa kwamandla okusabela, ngakho-ke amadivayisi ahlukahlukene—ama-generator AVR, ama-OLTC transformers, ama-capacitor/reactor, ama-SVC/STATCOM, abalawuli bokusatshalaliswa, kanye nama-inverter amandla avuselelekayo—asetshenziswa ukudala iphrofayili ye-voltage ephephile. Ngokusebenzisana okuhle, uhlelo lwamandla lungasebenza kahle kakhulu, ngokuqina, futhi lukwazi ukubhekana nokuguquguquka komthwalo kanye nezinselele zokuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza umdwebo wokugeleza kokulawula i-Volt/VAR, isibonelo esilula sokubala ukwehla kwe-voltage, noma inguqulo ephelele yezemfundo yesakhiwo sendatshana enezingcaphuno kanye nohlu lwezincwadi.
