Izitshalo Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Ugesi Kagesi
Izitshalo Zikagesi Ezisebenzisa Ukushisa Okuphezulu (i-PLTP) ziwumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo osebenzisa ukushisa okuvela emhlabeni ukukhiqiza ugesi. Phakathi kokwanda kwesidingo sikagesi, imigomo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, kanye nokusunduzelwa kokuguquka kwamandla, amandla e-geothermal abe yindlela ebalulekile ngenxa yekhono lawo lokuhlinzeka ngogesi ozinzile, osebenza amahora angama-24. Ngokungafani nezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa ilanga noma umoya, ezithinteka kakhulu yisimo sezulu, ama-PLTP "angumthwalo oyisisekelo" ngokwemvelo, ayakwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngesici samandla aphezulu. Lokhu kuwenza abe yinsika yamasu ezinhlelweni zikagesi zesimanje, ikakhulukazi emazweni anamandla amakhulu e-geothermal njenge-Indonesia.
Amandla okushisa komhlaba kanye nesimo samasu
I-Indonesia itholakala eduze kwePacific Ring of Fire, isifunda esicebile ngemisebenzi yezintaba-mlilo. Lesi simo sejiyoloji sidala izinqolobane eziningi ze-geothermal, okuvumela izitshalo zamandla ze-geothermal (PLTP) ukuthi zidlale indima ebalulekile ekuxubeni kwamandla kazwelonke. Amandla e-geothermal avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amandla endawo ngoba avela endaweni futhi awadingi uphethiloli ovela kwamanye amazwe njengamalahle, uwoyela, noma igesi. Ngokombono wokuphepha kwamandla, lokhu kunikeza izinzuzo ngoba ukuhlinzekwa kukagesi akuxhomekile ekushintsheni kwamanani ezimpahla zomhlaba wonke noma ukuphazamiseka kwezintambo zokuphakelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla okushisa komhlaba akhiqiza ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okuphansi kakhulu kunezitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa uphethiloli. Nakuba ukukhishwa kwegesi kungeyona i-zero njalo (njengoba amanye amasimu okushisa komhlaba angaqukatha amagesi ancibilikisiwe), ukuqina kokukhishwa kwegesi jikelele kuphansi kakhulu kunezamalahle. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo zamandla okushisa komhlaba zingasiza ekufinyeleleni imigomo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngenkathi ziqinisa ukuthembeka kohlelo lukagesi ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Isimiso sokusebenza sesitshalo samandla esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba
Kalula nje, isitshalo samandla esisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba (i-PLTP) sibamba ukushisa okuvela ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba. Izindawo zokugcina amanzi ezisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba zakha lapho amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ehlangana nedwala elishisayo ngenxa yomsebenzi we-geological. Lokhu kushisa kukhiqiza umusi noma amanzi ashisayo anomfutho ophezulu. Lolu ketshezi olusebenza ngaphansi komhlaba lube seluphakanyiswa ngemithombo yokukhiqiza luye phezulu, ludluliselwe endaweni yokukhiqiza, bese lusetshenziswa ukuguqula i-turbine exhunywe ku-generator. I-generator iguqula amandla omshini e-turbine abe amandla kagesi, abese ekhuliswa ngamandla kagesi nge-transformer ukuze isatshalaliswe kunethiwekhi yokudlulisa nokusabalalisa.
Ngemva kokudlula ku-turbine, umusi uvame ukujikijelwa emanzini bese ufakwa kabusha echibini ngokusebenzisa imithombo yokujova. Le nqubo yokujova kabusha ibalulekile ekugcineni ingcindezi yechibi, ukusekela ukukhiqizwa okusimeme, kanye nokunciphisa imithelela yemvelo njengokuwa komhlaba.
Izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe besitshalo samandla okushisa komhlaba
Ubuchwepheshe besitshalo samandla e-geothermal bungahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe esimweni soketshezi lwe-geothermal kanye nendlela olusetshenziswa ngayo.
1. Umusi owomile
Kulolu hlobo, umusi ovela edamini usetshenziswa ngqo ukujika i-turbine. Lobu buchwepheshe bulula kodwa bufanelekela kuphela amasimu akhiqiza inani elanele lomusi owomile.
2. Umusi osheshayo (umusi osheshayo)
Lolu uhlobo oluvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu. Uketshezi lwe-geothermal, ngesimo samanzi ashisayo anomfutho ophezulu, "luyakhanya" (luncishisiwe ekucindezelweni), okubangela ukuthi amanye amanzi aphenduke umusi. Lo musi ube usuphendula i-turbine. Izinhlelo zingaba yi-flash eyodwa noma i-double-flash ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle.
3. Umjikelezo we-binary (umjikelezo we-binary)
Kwamanye amadamu okushisa okuphakathi nendawo, uketshezi lwe-geothermal alushisi ngokwanele ukukhiqiza umusi ngqo we-turbine. Isixazululo ukusebenzisa i-heat exchanger ukufudumeza uketshezi olusebenzayo lwesibili (isb., i-isobutane noma i-pentane), olunezinga eliphansi lokubila. Lo mphunga woketshezi olusebenzayo yiwona ophendula i-turbine. Izinhlelo ze-binary ngokuvamile zinobungani nemvelo ngoba uketshezi lwe-geothermal aludingi ukuthintana ngqo ne-turbine futhi lungabuyiselwa edamini ngokuphephile.
Ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe kuncike ekushiseni kwedamu, ukwakheka koketshezi, izimo zejoloji, kanye nezidingo kanye nobukhulu besistimu kagesi ezokhonzwa.
Izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi ye-Geothermal
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesitshalo samandla angaphansi komhlaba kudinga inqubo ende kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, ikakhulukazi esigabeni sokuqala. Izigaba ezijwayelekile zifaka:
– Ukuhlola kokuqala: ukuhlola kwe-geological, geochemical, kanye ne-geophysical ukuthola izinkomba zemithombo ye-geothermal.
– Ukumba ukuhlola: ukumba umthombo ukuze kutholakale izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nokukhiqiza kwedamu. Lesi yisigaba esinobungozi obukhulu ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kwemiphumela.
– Ukuthuthukiswa kwensimu: ukumba imithombo eyengeziwe yokukhiqiza kanye neyokufaka, ukwakhiwa kwamapayipi, abahlukanisi kanye nezindawo zokubeka izinto ebusweni.
– Ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo sikagesi: ukufakwa kwama-turbine, ama-generator, izinhlelo zokupholisa, ukupholisa, izilawuli, kanye nokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi.
– Ukusebenza nokugcinwa: ukuphathwa kwedamu, ukuqapha imithombo, ukulungiswa kwemishini, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukukhiqiza.
Kuzo zonke lezi zigaba, ukubhoboza kumelela ingxenye enkulu yezindleko kanye nengozi eyinhloko. Ngakho-ke, ukwesekwa kwenqubomgomo, izinhlelo zezimali ezintsha, kanye neziqinisekiso zengozi yokuhlola zivame ukudingeka ukuze kusheshiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwesitshalo samandla angaphansi komhlaba.
Indima yezitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa i-geothermal ohlelweni lukagesi
Uma kukhulunywa ngogesi, inani eliyinhloko lezitshalo zamandla angaphansi komhlaba lisekukwazini kwazo ukunikeza amandla azinzile. Izitshalo zamandla angaphansi komhlaba zingasebenza amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto, nge-high capacity factor. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla avuselelekayo aguquguqukayo (VRE) njengelanga nomoya, okukhishwa kwawo kuyashintshashintsha. Njengoba ukungena kwamandla elanga nomoya kukhuphuka, uhlelo ludinga izitshalo ezingasekela ukuzinza kwemvamisa kanye ne-voltage. Izitshalo zamandla angaphansi komhlaba zingasiza ekugcwaliseni le ndima, kanye nezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amanzi nezinye eziguquguqukayo.
Izitshalo zamandla asebenzisa i-geothermal nazo zinegalelo elingaqondile ekunciphiseni umthwalo ophezulu ngokuhlinzeka ngomthombo oyisisekelo, okuvumela izitshalo zamandla ezibizayo neziqala ngokushesha ezisebenzisa i-fossil (izitshalo ezikhula ngokushesha) ukuthi zisebenze ngamahora ancishisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zamandla asebenzisa i-geothermal eziseduze nezikhungo zomthwalo noma izifunda ezithile zingasiza ekunciphiseni ukulahlekelwa kwegridi uma ukuhlela ukudlulisela kufanele.
Imithelela yemvelo kanye nezenhlalo
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amandla angaphansi komhlaba, izitshalo zamandla angaphansi komhlaba zinezinga eliphansi lekhabhoni kanye nezidingo zomhlaba ezincane ngeyunithi ngayinye kagesi okhiqizwayo. Kodwa-ke, izitshalo zamandla angaphansi komhlaba zisabangela izinkinga zemvelo ezidinga ukuphathwa okufanele, njenge:
– Ukukhishwa kwegesi okungangenisi umoya (isb. i-CO₂, i-H₂S) okuvela kwezinye izinkambu; ngokuvamile kulawulwa ngezinhlelo zokulawula nokuqapha.
– Ukuphathwa kwamanzi kanye nokufakwa kabusha kwamanzi ukuze kulondolozwe ukusimama kwamachibi nokuvimbela ukungcola.
– Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungenzeka ngenxa yemisebenzi yokujova kanye nokukhiqiza; kudinga ukuqapha nokuhlela umhlaba kanye nokuphathwa kokusebenza.
– Imithelela yezenhlalo ehlobene nokuthengwa komhlaba, ukufinyelela emigwaqweni, kanye nokusebenzisana nomphakathi ozungezile.
Izimiso zokuzibandakanya komphakathi kwasekuqaleni, ukucaca kolwazi, kanye nokwabelana ngezinzuzo ngokulinganayo—ngokwesibonelo ngezinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa komnotho wendawo—zidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukwamukelwa komphakathi kwamaphrojekthi okushisa komhlaba.
Izinselele zokuthuthukiswa kwe-geothermal
Naphezu kwamandla ayo amakhulu, izinselelo eziningana ezinkulu zisaphazamisa ukwanda kwezitshalo zamandla okushisa komhlaba, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ingozi ephezulu yokuhlola: imiphumela yokumba ayihlangabezani njalo nokulindelekile, ngakho abatshalizimali bayaqaphela.
2. Izindleko zokuqala ezinkulu: izindleko ezinkulu zezimali zenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kube khona imali engenayo evela kugesi.
3. Ukunikezwa kwamalayisense kanye nokuhlela indawo: ezinye izindawo ziseduze nezindawo ezivikelwe ngakho-ke zidinga ukuphathwa okuqinile kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwemithetho.
4. Izidingo zengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi: izitshalo zikagesi zidinga ukufinyelela okwanele kokudlulisela ukuze ugesi usatshalaliswe ngokuthembekile.
5. Ukungaqiniseki ngamanani entengo kanye nezinhlelo zokuthenga ugesi: ukuqiniseka ngezinkontileka zesikhathi eside kanye namanani entengo afanele ukubhanga kuthinta ukwenzeka kwezezimali.
Izixazululo ezingaba khona zifaka phakathi ukwenza lula izimvume ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni amazinga emvelo, ukuqinisa idatha yokuhlola nguhulumeni, ukuqinisekisa izingozi zokuhlola, kanye nokuklama amanani kagesi kanye nezinhlelo zokuthenga ezikhangayo kodwa ezihlala zingabizi kakhulu ohlelweni.
I-Penutup
Izitshalo zamandla angaphansi komhlaba zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekweni kukagesi, zihlinzeka ngogesi ozinzile, okhipha ukungcola okuncane, futhi zisebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo zasendaweni. Ngamandla azo amakhulu, amandla angaphansi komhlaba angasebenza njengomgogodla wamandla ahlanzekile, ngenkathi futhi elinganisela imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo eguquguqukayo njengelanga nomoya. Izinselele ezinkulu zisezingcupheni zokuhlola, izidingo zokuqala zokutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nokuqiniseka kokulawula kanye nenethiwekhi. Kodwa-ke, ngezinqubomgomo ezihambisanayo, ukuxhasa ngezimali ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nokuphathwa okuqinile kwemvelo kanye nomphakathi, izitshalo zamandla angaphansi komhlaba zingathuthuka ngokushesha futhi zifake isandla kakhulu ohlelweni lukagesi oluthembekile, oluqhubekayo, nolunobungane kakhulu nesimo sezulu.
