Izitshalo Zikagesi Ezisebenzisa Umusi Embonini Yamandla
Izitshalo Zikagesi Ezinomusi (i-PLTU) ziwumgogodla wohlelo lukagesi emazweni amaningi, okuhlanganisa ne-Indonesia. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe isikhathi eside ngoba bungakhiqiza ugesi ngezinga elikhulu ngokunikezwa kwamandla okuzinzile. Phakathi kokushintshela kwamandla emithonjeni ehlanzekile, ama-PLTU ayaqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile, kokubili njengabahlinzeki bemithwalo eyisisekelo kanye nanjengengxenye yesu likazwelonke lokuthembeka kokunikezwa kukagesi. Kodwa-ke, izinselele zemvelo kanye nezidingo zokusebenza kahle ziqhuba imboni ukuthi isungule, ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe, futhi ithuthukise ukuphathwa kokusebenza.
Isimiso Esisebenzayo Sesitshalo Sikagesi Esinomusi: Kusukela Ekushiseni Kuya Kugesi
Isitshalo samandla esisebenza ngamalahle (i-PLTU) sisebenza ngesimiso sokuguqula amandla okushisa abe amandla omshini, bese kuba amandla kagesi. Umthombo wokushisa ngokuvamile ukushiswa kwamafutha afana namalahle, yize amanye ama-PLTU angasebenzisa ne-biomass yokushisa ngokubambisana noma amanye amafutha. Inqubo eyisisekelo ku-PLTU ihilela izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko: ibhoyila, i-turbine yomusi, ijeneretha, i-condenser, kanye nesistimu yokupholisa.
Okokuqala, uphethiloli ushiswa ekamelweni lokushisa lebhoyila, okukhiqiza ukushisa. Lokhu kushisa kusetshenziselwa ukufudumeza amanzi emapayipini ebhoyila, kuwenze abe umusi ocindezela kakhulu, oshisa kakhulu. Lomusi ube usudluliselwa ku-turbine yomusi. Njengoba umusi usunduza ama-blade e-turbine, amandla okushisa kanye nokucindezela aguqulwa abe amandla omshini ngendlela yokujikeleza kwe-turbine shaft. I-turbine shaft ixhunywe kujeneretha, eguqula amandla omshini abe ugesi ngokusebenzisa ukufakelwa kwe-electromagnetic.
Ngemva kokudlula ku-turbine, umusi ocindezelwe kancane ubuyiselwa emanzini ku-condenser. Lawa manzi abe esephonswa emuva ku-boiler ukuze kuphindwe umjikelezo. Lokhu kulandelana kwaziwa ngokuthi umjikelezo we-Rankine, umjikelezo we-thermodynamic owakha isisekelo sezinhlelo zanamuhla zokukhiqiza umusi.
Indima ye-PLTU ohlelweni lukazwelonke lwamandla
Embonini yamandla, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle (ama-PLTU) ngokuvamile zithembelwa kuzo njengezinjini ezikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngogesi omningi njalo. Lokhu kuzinza kubalulekile ohlelweni lukagesi ngoba isidingo sikagesi asikwazi ukuhlangatshezwa njalo yizitshalo zamandla eziguquguqukayo njengamandla elanga nawomoya, ezincike esimweni sezulu. Ama-PLTU anezici zokusebenza ezifanelekela amandla omthwalo wesisekelo, okwenza abe umgogodla wezindawo ezinesidingo esikhulu sikagesi, njengezindawo zezimboni nezindawo zokuhlala.
Ngokuphathelene nengqalasizinda, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle zivame ukuhlanganiswa namanethiwekhi amakhulu okudlulisa. Isikali sazo sivumela izindleko zokukhiqiza ugesi ezincintisanayo nge-kWh, ikakhulukazi uma uphethiloli utholakala ngobuningi ngamanani azinzile. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, lokhu kwenze izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle zaba yisinqumo esivelele sokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kukagesi emazweni ahlukahlukene asathuthuka.
Izinhlobo Zezitshalo Zikagesi Ezisebenzisa Umusi kanye Namazinga Okusebenza Kahle
Izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle zingahlukaniswa ngokwezobuchwepheshe bazo bebhoyila kanye nezimo zomusi. Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezingabalulekile kangako, ezibaluleke kakhulu, kanye nezibaluleke kakhulu kakhulu. Umehluko omkhulu usekucindezelweni kanye nokushisa komusi osetshenziswayo. Uma ukucindezela komusi kanye nokushisa kuphakeme, kulapho kusebenza kahle khona ukushisa kwesitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngeyunithi ngayinye kagesi kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi nge-kWh.
Izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle angaphansi kwesimo esibucayi zisebenza ngaphansi kwephuzu lamanzi elibalulekile. Lobu buchwepheshe budala futhi ngokuvamile busebenza kahle kakhulu. Okwamanje, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle angaphansi kwesimo esibucayi nezisebenza kahle kakhulu zisebenza ezimweni eziphakeme, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle okungcono kodwa kudinga izinto zokwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye nomklamo wemishini. Izitayela zomhlaba wonke ziqhuba ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu ukunciphisa umthelela emvelweni nokukhulisa ukuncintisana.
Imithelela Yemvelo Nezinselele Zokulawula
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ngezikhungo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, ikakhulukazi i-carbon dioxide (CO₂), okubangelwa ukushiswa kwamafutha emvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle zingakhiqiza ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo njenge-sulfur dioxide (SO₂), i-nitrogen oxides (NOx), izinto ezincane (uthuli olucolekile), kanye nomlotha ompukane kanye nemfucuza yomlotha ongaphansi. Uma zingaphathwa kahle, lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingathinta impilo yomphakathi kanye nekhwalithi yezemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, imboni yezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle ibhekene nemithethonqubo eqinile yezemvelo. Izitshalo eziningi zamandla zifaka ubuchwepheshe bokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi njenge-electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) noma izihlungi zezikhwama ukuze zibambe izinhlayiya, i-flue gas desulfurization (FGD) ukuze kuncishiswe i-SO₂, kanye nezishisi ze-NOx eziphansi noma i-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) ukuze kucindezelwe i-NOx. Ukuphathwa kwemfucuza eqinile, njengomlotha wempukane, nakho kuyindaba ekhathazayo, okuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwayo njengengxube yesamente noma izinto zokwakha.
Ngaphezu kokukhishwa kwegesi, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle zidinga amanzi amaningi ukuze kuphole, ikakhulukazi imiklamo epholiswe ngamanzi. Ukukhishwa kwamanzi kanye nokukhishwa kwamanzi ashisayo emvelweni kungathinta imvelo yasemanzini. Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa kobuchwepheshe bokupholisa kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi kuyizinto ezibalulekile ekuklanyweni nasekusebenzeni kwezitshalo zamandla zanamuhla ezisebenzisa amalahle.
Ukusebenza Kahle Nokuthembeka Kwezitshalo Zikagesi
Embonini yamandla, ukusebenza kahle kwesitshalo samandla esisebenza ngamalahle akunqunywa nje kuphela ngomklamo kodwa futhi nangokwekhwalithi yokusebenza kwaso kanye nokugcinwa kwaso. Amapharamitha anjengesilinganiso sokushisa (inani lamandla okushisa adingekayo ukukhiqiza i-kWh eyodwa kagesi) ayizinkomba ezibalulekile. Uma izinga lokushisa liphansi, isitshalo sisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ukuthembeka nakho kubalulekile ngoba ukuphazamiseka kwezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ohlelweni lukagesi. Ngakho-ke, amasu ahlukahlukene okulungisa ayasetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa kokuvimbela, ukulungiswa kokubikezela okusekelwe ezinzwa, kanye nokuhlolwa njalo kwezingxenye ezibalulekile njengamashubhu ebhoyila, ama-turbine, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula. Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokuqapha zesikhathi sangempela kuya ngokuya kuba yinto evamile ukuthola umonakalo ongaba khona ngokushesha futhi kuncishiswe isikhathi sokungasebenzi.
Ukusungula izinto ezintsha: Ukubambisana, i-CCS, kanye nokuhlanganiswa ne-Energy Transition
Ukuze zivumelane nohlelo lokushintsha amandla, izitshalo eziningana zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle (ama-PLTU) seziqalile ukusebenzisa ukudubula ngokubambisana kwe-biomass, okuhlanganisa ukuxuba uphethiloli we-biomass (isb., ama-pellets ezinkuni noma imfucuza yezolimo) namalahle. Umgomo ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ okune-net nokusebenzisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo etholakala endaweni. Nakuba kungaqedi ukukhishwa ngokuphelele, ukudubula ngokubambisana kubhekwa njengendlela yokushintsha engenzeka ngaphandle kokufaka esikhundleni yonke ingqalasizinda ekhiqizayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe be-Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) buvame ukuxoxwa ngabo njengendlela yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂. Lobu buchwepheshe bubamba i-CO₂ emagesini akhipha umoya bese buyigcina ezindaweni ezithile ze-geological. Kodwa-ke, i-CCS isabhekene nezinselele ezifana nezindleko, izidingo zamandla ezengeziwe (izijeziso zamandla), kanye nokulungela ingqalasizinda yokugcina kanye nemithethonqubo.
Esikhathini esizayo, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle nazo zinamandla okusebenza njengabakhiqizi abaguquguqukayo ukusekela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuhlanganisa ikhono lokuphakamisa nokwehlisa umthwalo ngokushesha (ukwehla) futhi kusebenze ngemithwalo ephansi. Nakuba izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle zendabuko zingaguquguquki njengezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi, izinhlelo zokulawula ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokuguqulwa kokusebenza kungasiza ekuvumelaniseni izitshalo ohlelweni olulawulwa ngamandla avuselelekayo.
Isiphetho
Izitshalo Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Umusi Zisalokhu Ziyisici Esibalulekile Embonini Yamandla Ngenxa Yekhono Lazo Lokukhiqiza Ugesi Ngokuthembekile Ngezinga Elikhulu. Isimiso Sazo Sokusebenza Sisekelwe Ekuguqulweni Kwamandla Okushisa Abe Ugesi Ngomjikelezo Wesivunguvungu Oqinisekisiwe. Kodwa-ke, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ezihlobene nokukhishwa kwegesi, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, kanye nezidingo zokusebenza kahle. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje, ukulawulwa okuqinile kokukhishwa kwegesi, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha njengokudubula ngokubambisana kanye namathuba e-CCS, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle zingazivumelanisa noshintsho lwamandla. Kusukela manje, indima yezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle cishe izoshintsha isuke ekubeni umthombo womthwalo oyisisekelo iye ekubeni yingxenye yesistimu ehlukahlukene, ehlanzekile, futhi eguquguqukayo yokusekela ukuphepha kwamandla ngenkathi kulondolozwa imvelo.
