Ukukhiqizwa Kwamandla Amagagasi Ngamandla Avuselelekayo
Amandla avuselelekayo ayisici esibalulekile ekubhekaneni nezinselelo zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukwanda kwesidingo sikagesi, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zamafutha ezincishisiwe. Izingxoxo ngamandla avuselelekayo zivame ukugxila kumandla elanga, umoya, amanzi, kanye ne-geothermal. Kodwa-ke, umthombo wamandla owodwa unamandla amakhulu, ikakhulukazi esizweni esihlala ezindaweni ezizungezile njenge-Indonesia: amandla amagagasi olwandle. Izitshalo Zamandla Amagagasi (i-PLTGL) zisebenzisa ukunyakaza kwamagagasi olwandle okuwaguqula abe amandla kagesi okusetshenziswa umphakathi kanye nemboni. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngomqondo, ubuchwepheshe, izinzuzo, izinselele, kanye namathemba e-PLTGL endaweni yamandla avuselelekayo.
Amandla Amandla Egagasi Lolwandle
Amagagasi olwandle akhiwa ukudluliselwa kwamandla kusuka emoyeni kuya ebusweni bolwandle. Uma umoya unamandla futhi udonsa isikhathi eside, kulapho amandla amagagasi ekhiqizwa khona makhulu. Amandla amagagasi anezinzuzo ngaphezu kweminye imithombo evuselelekayo ngenxa yemvelo yawo eqinile futhi ebikezelwayo kunomoya noma ukukhanya kwelanga nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ezindaweni eziningi ezisogwini lolwandle nolwandle oluvulekile, amagagasi angaba khona cishe unyaka wonke ngamandla aphezulu impela.
I-Indonesia, enogu lwayo olukhulu kanye nendawo ephakathi koLwandlekazi lwaseNdiya nolwasePacific, inamandla amakhulu okuthola amandla amagagasi. Izifunda eziseningizimu yeJava, iBali, iNusa Tenggara, kanye nezingxenye zaseMaluku nasePapua zibonakala ngamagagasi anamandla, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezithile zomoya. Uma iphathwa kahle, amandla amagagasi angasekela ukufakwa kukagesi ezindaweni ezisogwini kanye neziqhingi ezincane ezithembele kudizili njengamanje.
Indlela Izitshalo Zamandla Amagagasi Ezisebenza Ngayo
Isimiso esiyisisekelo sesitshalo sikagesi esisebenza ngegesi (i-PLTGL) ukuguqula amandla omshini wamagagasi abe amandla kagesi. Amagagasi akhiqiza ukunyakaza okuya phambili naphambili, okuya phezulu naphansi, noma izinguquko ekucindezelweni kwamanzi. Lokhu kunyakaza bese kuhlanganiswa ukushayela izinhlelo zemishini ezifana nama-turbine, ama-piston, noma ama-generator aqondile. Ugesi ophumayo uqondiswa ohlelweni lokuguqulwa kwamandla, uzinze, bese usatshalaliswa kugridi yamandla ogwini noma usetshenziswe endaweni.
Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lwesitshalo samandla esisebenza ngegesi (i-PLTGL) luqukethe izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko: uhlelo lokubamba amandla (i-converter), uhlelo lokudlulisa oluguqula ukunyakaza kube ukujikeleza/amandla, ijeneretha, kanye nemishini yokupholisa amandla, kanye nezintambo ezingaphansi kwamanzi zokudlulisa ugesi emhlabeni. Ukusebenza kwesitshalo samandla kuncike kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwemishini, izimo zamagagasi, ukujula kwamanzi, kanye namasu okusebenza nokulungisa.
Izinhlobo Zobuchwepheshe be-PLTGL
Ubuchwepheshe bamagagasi olwandle buthuthuka ngokushesha futhi bunezinhlobo eziningi. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zifaka:
1. Isifutho Sephuzu
Le divayisi ngokuvamile yakhiwa yi-float ehamba phezulu naphansi namagagasi. Ukunyakaza okuqondile kwe-float kuguqulwa kube ugesi yi-generator eqondile noma uhlelo lwe-hydraulic. Inzuzo yayo ukwakheka kwayo okulinganiselwe, okuvumela ukuthi ifakwe ngobuningi njenge-"wave farm".
2. Ikholomu Yamanzi Enyakazayo (i-OWC)
Ubuchwepheshe be-OWC busebenzisa ikholomu yomoya ekamelweni elixhunywe olwandle. Uma amagagasi engena, izinga lamanzi liyakhuphuka, licindezele umoya futhi liwuphoqe ukuthi udlule ku-turbine. Uma amagagasi ehla, umoya ubuyela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-turbine. Ama-turbine asetshenziswayo ngokuvamile angama-turbine akhethekile (isb., ama-turbine aseWells) angajikeleza ngezindlela ezimbili.
3. Isivikelo
Lena idivayisi ende ebekwe ngokuhambisana nesiqondiso segagasi. Amagagasi abangela ukuthi idivayisi iguqe kwezinye izihlanganisi, bese ukunyakaza kuguqulwa kube amandla ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-hydraulic kanye nejenereyitha. Lo mqondo ufanelekile kumagagasi olwandle avulekile anamandla amakhulu.
4. Idivayisi Edlulayo
Lolu hlelo lusebenzisa amagagasi "ukuchitha" amanzi endaweni yokugcina amanzi ephezulu, okufana nomgomo wedamu elincane. Amanzi aqoqiwe abe esedluliselwa emuva nge-hydro turbine ukuze akhiqize ugesi. Inzuzo ukuthi umkhiqizo ozinzile kakhulu ngenxa yendawo yokugcina amanzi, kodwa idinga isakhiwo esikhulu kakhulu.
Ubuchwepheshe ngabunye bunezinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo yalo. Ukukhetha imishini kumele kuhambisane nezici zamagagasi endawo, izidingo zamandla, ukujula kanye nemingcele yolwandle, kanye nezindleko zokwakha.
Izinzuzo Zezitshalo Zamandla Ezisebenzisa Igesi Ekushintsheni Kwamandla
Izitshalo ezisebenzisa igesi (i-PLTGL) zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana zamasu. Okokuqala, zingumthombo wamandla ohlanzekile futhi azikhiqizi ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Okwesibili, amandla amagagasi anamandla okuhambisana nohlobo lwamandla elanga nawomoya oluhlala lukhona. Kwezinye izindawo, amagagasi angahlala ehambisana ebusuku noma ngesikhathi sezulu esinamafu, okusiza ekuqiniseni ukuphakelwa kwamandla avuselelekayo.
Okwesithathu, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi (i-PLTGL) zingasekela ukuzimela kwamandla eziqhingini ezincane. Iziqhingi eziningi ezikude zisathembele kumajeneretha edizili abizayo futhi angcolisayo, adinga ukunikezwa kukaphethiloli okungazinzile. Nge-PLTGL, ugesi ungakhiqizwa eduze nokusetshenziswa. Okwesine, intuthuko yemboni yezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi iphinde ivule amathuba ocwaningo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha zobunjiniyela basolwandle, kanye nemisebenzi emisha ekwakheni, ekusebenzeni nasekulungiseni.
Izinselele kanye Nezithiyo Entuthukweni
Naphezu kwesithembiso sazo, izitshalo zikagesi ezisebenzisa igesi (i-PLTGL) zibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu. Enye yazo izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali ezisalokhu ziphezulu. Indawo yasolwandle iyagqwala, iyashintshashintsha, futhi iyingozi kakhulu. Imishini kumele imelane neziphepho, amagagasi amakhulu, kanye nokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle (ukunamathela kwezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle), okungonakalisa ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi nokugcinwa kwayo ogwini lolwandle kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kuyabiza kunezitshalo zikagesi zasogwini.
Enye inselele ukuhlanganiswa kwegridi kagesi. Izindawo eziningi ezinamagagasi anamandla zikude nezikhungo zokulayisha futhi zingase zingabi nengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi eyanele. Izintambo zasemanzini angaphansi kolwandle, iziteshi ezincane, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha amandla ezithembekile ziyadingeka. Ngokombono wokulawula, intuthuko ezindaweni ezisogwini kanye nezasolwandle idinga nokuhlanganiswa kwemikhakha ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezihilela ukudoba, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi, ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nokuhlelwa kwendawo yasolwandle.
Imithelela yemvelo kumele icatshangelwe ngokungathi sína. Nakuba ihlanzekile kuneziphehli zemvelo, izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi (i-PLTGL) zingathinta izindawo zokuhlala zasolwandle, amaphethini endawo okuthuthwa kwenhlabathi, noma izindlela zokufuduka kwezinhlobo ezithile ze-biota. Ngakho-ke, izifundo zokuhlola umthelela wemvelo (i-EIA), ukuqapha imvelo, kanye nomklamo onobungani nemvelo kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni.
Amathemba Ezitshalomali Zikagesi Ezisebenzisa Igesi e-Indonesia
I-Indonesia inezinsiza ezibalulekile zokuthuthukisa izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa igesi (i-PLTGL): ugu olude, izindawo eziningi ezinamagagasi anele, kanye nesidingo esikhulayo sokufakwa kukagesi kanye namandla ahlanzekile. Intuthuko ingaqala ngamaphrojekthi amancane kuya kwaphakathi okuhlola ezindaweni ezibalulekile, njengogwini oluseningizimu yeJava noma iziqhingi ezincane ezisathembele kudizili. Le ndlela isiza ukuhlola ukuthembeka kobuchwepheshe, ukusungula amazinga okuphepha, kanye nokwakha amandla ezinsizakusebenza zabantu bendawo.
Ukubambisana phakathi kukahulumeni, amanyuvesi, izikhungo zocwaningo, kanye nemboni kubalulekile. Uhulumeni udlala indima ekuhlinzekeni imithetho ecacile, izinhlelo zokukhuthaza, kanye nokusekelwa kwezimali kokuqala. Imikhakha yezemfundo kanye neyocwaningo ingakha imiklamo efanela izici zamanzi ase-Indonesia, okuhlanganisa izinto ezingagqwali kanye nezinhlelo zokubopha eziphephile. Imboni ingasheshisa ukukhiqizwa, ukufakwa, kanye nokuthengiswa.
Esikhathini esizayo, i-PLTGL ingahlanganiswa nezinye izitshalo zamandla, njengelanga namabhethri, kwakha uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe ukwandisa ukuthembeka kokuhlinzekwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugesi wamagagasi ungasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezikhethekile njengokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle, ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen eluhlaza, noma amachweba asekelayo nezindawo zasogwini.
Isiphetho
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla amagagasi kuyindlela ekhangayo kakhulu yamandla avuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi emazweni asemanzini. Ngokusebenzisa amandla amaningi amagagasi, izitshalo ezisebenzisa amagagasi (i-PLTGL) zingasiza ekunciphiseni ukuthembela kumafutha emvelo, ukwehlisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, nokuqinisa ukuzimela kwamandla ezindaweni ezisogwini naseziqhingini ezikude. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko yazo idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, ubuchwepheshe obumelana nolwandle, imithetho esekelayo, kanye nokuhlolwa okujulile kwemvelo. Uma zisetshenziswa ngendlela ehambisanayo neyokubambisana, izitshalo ezisebenzisa amagagasi zinamandla okuba yingxenye ebalulekile yekusasa lamandla ahlanzekile e-Indonesia.
