Amajeneretha Okungenisa Ezimbonini Zamandla
Amajeneretha okungenisa amandla awubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zanamuhla zokuphehla amandla, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga ukusebenza okuthembekile, ukulungiswa okulula, kanye nezindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zamajeneretha. Nakuba igama elithi "ijeneretha" livame ukuhlotshaniswa namajeneretha ahambisanayo, amajeneretha okungenisa amandla adlala indima ebalulekile—ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokuphehla amandla avuselelekayo njenge-wind turbines kanye nezitshalo zamandla ezincane zamanzi. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezimiso zokusebenza zamajeneretha okungenisa amandla, izici zawo, izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi, kanye nezicelo zawo ekuphehleni kwamandla.
Incazelo kanye nezimiso eziyisisekelo
Ngokuvamile, umshini wokungenisa umoya waziwa kabanzi ngokuthi injini yokungenisa umoya, eguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla omshini. Ngokuthakazelisayo, umshini ofanayo ungasebenza njengejenereyitha yokungenisa umoya uma ujikeleziswa yi-prime mover ngesivinini esithile. Amajenereyitha okungenisa umoya asebenza ngesimiso sokungenisa umoya kagesi: i-voltage kagesi ibangelwa ku-rotor kanye ne-stator ngenxa yokuba khona kwensimu yamagnetic ejikelezayo kanye nomehluko wesivinini phakathi kwensimu yamagnetic kanye ne-rotor.
Isihluthulelo sokuqonda amajeneretha okungenisa umoya umqondo wokushelela, okuwumehluko ophakathi kwejubane lokujikeleza lensimu yamagnetic (isivinini esihambisanayo) kanye nejubane lokujikeleza le-rotor. Ku-motor yokungenisa umoya, i-rotor ijikeleza kancane kunejubane elihambisanayo, ngakho-ke ukushelela kuyinto enhle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ku-generator yokungenisa umoya, i-rotor ijikeleza ngokushesha kancane kunejubane elihambisanayo, ngakho ukushelela kuyinto embi, futhi amandla omshini avela ku-prime mover aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi anikezwa umthwalo noma inethiwekhi.
Izimo Zokukhiqiza Isivinini Esivumelanayo kanye Nezimo Zokukhiqiza Amandla
Ijubane elihambisanayo linqunywa imvamisa kanye nenani lezinsika zomshini, okushiwo kalula:
– Ama-N = 120 f / P
lapho i-N iyijubane elihambisanayo (rpm), i-f imvamisa (Hz), kanye ne-P inani lezinsika. Isibonelo, ohlelweni lwe-50 Hz olunezinsika ezine, ijubane elihambisanayo lingu-1500 rpm. Ukuze umshini wokungenisa ukhiqize amandla, i-rotor kumele ijikelezwe kancane ngaphezu kuka-1500 rpm. Lo mehluko omncane wanele ukuguqula ukugeleza kwamandla—kusuka komshini kuya kugesi.
Nokho, ngokungafani namajeneretha ahambisanayo, amajeneretha okungenisa awakhiqizi amandla awo kazibuthe. Adinga amandla okusabela (okusebenzisa ugesi) ukuze akhiqize ukugeleza kwensimu. Lawa mandla okusabela ngokuvamile atholakala kugridi yamandla noma ebhange le-capacitor uma esebenza ngokuzimela.
Izidingo Zamandla Asebenzayo kanye Nendima Yama-Capacitors
Esinye sezici zejenereyitha yokungenisa amandla yisidingo sayo samandla asebenzayo. Uma ixhunywe kugridi, igridi isebenza "njengomthombo wokuvuselela amandla" ohlinzeka ngogesi wamandla adonsayo. Lokhu kwenza amajenereyitha okungenisa amandla afaneleke kahle ekusebenzeni okuhambisanayo negridi ngoba i-voltage kanye nemvamisa kunqunywa yigridi, kuyilapho ijenereyitha yokungenisa amandla ihlinzeka ngamandla asebenzayo ngokusekelwe ezimweni zemishini ze-prime mover.
Ukuze kusebenze ngokuzimele (ngaphandle kwegridi), ijenereyitha yokungenisa idinga i-capacitor yokuvuselela amandla ukuze ikhiqize i-voltage. I-capacitor inikeza i-reactive current, idala i-magnetic flux, evumela ukuthi kukhiqizwe i-voltage kuma-terminal. Lolu hlelo lubizwa ngokuthi ijenereyitha yokungenisa amandla ezithuthukisayo (i-SEIG). Nakuba lukhanga ezindaweni ezikude, ukusebenza ngokuzimele kudinga ukwakheka okucophelela kakhulu ngoba i-voltage kanye nemvamisa kuthinteka kakhulu umthwalo kanye nesivinini sokujikeleza.
Izici Zokusebenza Kuzinhlelo Zokukhiqiza
Amajeneretha okungenisa anezici eziningana ezihlukile ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza ugesi:
1. Imvamisa incike kugridi noma isivinini
Kuhlelo oluxhunywe kugridi, imvamisa ilandela igridi ngakho-ke izinzile. Kuhlelo oluzimele, imvamisa ithintwa yijubane le-turbine kanye nezici zomthwalo.
2. Ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi akukuhle njengejeneretha ezihambisanayo.
I-voltage yokukhipha yejeneretha yokungenisa ivame ukwehla njengoba umthwalo ukhuphuka, ikakhulukazi uma ukunikezwa kwamandla okusabela kunganele.
3. Amakhono okuvumelanisa alula
Ngenxa yokuthi ayidingi uhlelo lokuvusa i-DC futhi ayidingi “ukujaha amakhona” njengejeneretha ehambisanayo, inqubo yokuxhuma kugridi ingaba lula, yize isadinga izinqubo zokuvikela ezifanele kanye nemithethonqubo.
4. Ukuziphatha ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka
Ekuncipheni kwamandla kagesi, ikhono lomkhiqizi wokungenisa amandla okugcina amandla kagesi lilinganiselwe ngoba lincike kakhulu emandleni okusabela ohlelweni.
Izinzuzo zama-Induction Generator
Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani ama-generator okungenisa esetshenziswa kabanzi ezitshalweni ezithile zamandla:
- Ukwakhiwa okulula nokuqinile
Akudingi uhlelo lokuvusa i-DC kanye nezindandatho zokushelela (ohlotsheni lwe-cage rotor), ngakho-ke ingozi yokwehluleka iphansi.
– Izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi
Ngenxa yokuthi kunezingxenye ezimbalwa, ukulungiswa okuvamile ngokuvamile kulula futhi kushibhile.
– Imelana nokwehluka komthwalo wemishini
Ifanelekela imithombo yamandla eguquguqukayo njengomoya kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okushintshashintshayo.
- Kulula ukusebenza ngokuhambisana negridi
I-voltage kanye nemvamisa kulandela igridi, ngakho-ke ukulawulwa kwesistimu kulula kunezinjini ezincane ezihambisanayo ezidinga ama-AVR kanye nezilungiselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokuvuselela.
– Ukuphepha okungcono kwemishini ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile
Amajeneretha okungenisa amandla awanamathuba amaningi okubhekana nama-overvoltage angaphakathi amakhulu njengamajeneretha ahambisanayo kwezinye izimo, yize kusadingeka ukuvikelwa.
Amaphutha kanye nezinselele zobuchwepheshe
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, ama-generator okungenisa nawo anemikhawulo:
- Kudinga amandla okusabela
Lokhu kuvame ukuba yinkinga enkulu. Uma uhlelo lunganikezi isinxephezelo esanele sokuphendula (isb., amabhange e-capacitor noma ama-STATCOM), i-power factor ingaba yimbi futhi i-voltage ingazinzile.
– Ukulawulwa kwe-voltage kanye nemvamisa (ezimele) akuzinzile kangako
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezizimele, izilungiselelo ezengeziwe ezifana nezilawuli zomthwalo wokulahla, izilawuli zesivinini, kanye nama-capacitor afanele ziyadingeka.
– Ukusebenza kahle kungase kwehle ngemithwalo ethile engaphelele
Kuye ngomklamo womshini kanye nephrofayili yokusebenza, ukusebenza kahle akuhlali kufaneleka kuzo zonke izindawo zokusebenza.
- Ukusebenza ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kwegridi
Uma kwenzeka ukwehla kwamandla kagesi, isidingo samandla kagesi adonsayo singanda, senze isimo sibe sibi kakhulu futhi sibangele ukwehla uma singaxazululwa ngedivayisi yokunciphisa amandla esabelayo.
Izicelo Ekukhiqizeni Ugesi
1. Isikhungo Sikagesi Womoya (i-PLTB)
Amajeneretha okungenisa umoya asetshenziswa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwe-wind turbine yakuqala kanye nakwezinye izilungiselelo zesimanje. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu yijeneretha yokungenisa umoya ephindwe kabili (i-DFIG), evumela ukusebenza kwebanga lesivinini elibanzi kanye nokulawulwa kwamandla okusabela okungcono nge-power converter ku-rotor.
2. Isikhungo Sikagesi Esincane Samanzi (i-PLTMH)
Ezinhlelweni ze-micro-hydro ezixhunywe kugridi, ama-induction generator athandwa ngenxa yobulula bawo kanye nokuqina kwawo. Ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwegridi, ama-SEIG anama-capacitor banks avame ukukhethwa ngenxa yezindleko zawo eziphansi.
3. Amajeneretha asebenzisa i-biomass noma imfucuza
Uma umshini ohamba phambili ungumshini onesivinini esizinzile futhi uhlelo luxhunywe kugridi, ijeneretha yokungenisa ingaba inketho engabizi kakhulu.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla asele (ukubuyiswa kwamandla angcolile)
Kweminye imboni, amandla asele omshini avela kule nqubo angasetshenziswa ukuzungezisa ijeneretha yokungenisa futhi anikeze amandla kunethiwekhi yangaphakathi noma kugridi.
Izici Zokuvikela Nokuxhumana Nesistimu
Ekwenzeni ukukhiqiza ugesi, ama-induction generator adinga uhlelo lokuvikela olwanele, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukuvikelwa kokusebenzisa ugesi ngokweqile kanye nokujikeleza okufushane
– Ukuvikelwa okungaphezu kwamandla kagesi
- Ukuvikelwa kwemvamisa
– Ukuvikelwa kokulahlekelwa yinethiwekhi (ukulwa nokuqhekeka kweziqhingi), ikakhulukazi uma kuxhunywe kugridi
- Izilungiselelo zesinxephezelo samandla asebenzayo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuqina kwamandla kanye nokuqina kwamandla kagesi
Ukuze kuhlanganiswe kahle, abahleli bezinhlelo bavame ukucabangela umthamo wenethiwekhi, izidingo ze-VAR, ikhwalithi yamandla (ama-harmonic uma kusetshenziswa abaguquli), kanye nezindinganiso zokuxhumanisa ezisebenzayo.
Isiphetho
Amajeneretha okungenisa ayisisombululo esibalulekile nesisetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni ugesi, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye nezitshalo ezincane kuya kweziphakathi. Ngokwakhiwa kwazo okulula, ukuthembeka, kanye nokusebenza kalula okuhambisana negridi, amajeneretha okungenisa anikeza izinzuzo zezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa-ke, izidingo zamandla asabelayo kanye nezinselele zokulawula i-voltage/frequency—ikakhulukazi kwimodi emele—zidinga ukwakheka kohlelo okucophelelayo, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamabhange e-capacitor afanele, abalawuli, kanye nokuvikelwa. Ngomklamo ofanele, amajeneretha okungenisa angaba umgogodla wokukhiqiza okusebenzayo, okusimeme, nokuphendulayo kwezinhlelo zamandla zesimanje.
