Ama-turbine omusi ezitshalweni zamandla
Ama-turbine omusi angenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuphehla ugesi, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle (i-PLTU) nakwezinye izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo ezahlukahlukene ezisebenzisa ukushisa ukukhiqiza ugesi. Lawa madivayisi asebenza ngokuguqula amandla okushisa kanye nokucindezela komhwamuko wamanzi abe amandla omshini ngendlela yokujikeleza kweshaft, okube sekuqhuba ijeneretha ukuthi ikhiqize ugesi. Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo kanye nokuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe, ama-turbine omusi ahlala engumgogodla wezinhlelo eziningi zikagesi emhlabeni jikelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi aphehlwa ngamalahle, igesi (ngokusebenzisa imijikelezo ehlanganisiwe), i-biomass, i-geothermal, noma amandla enuzi.
Isimiso sokusebenza se-turbine yomusi
Kalula nje, i-turbine yomusi isebenza ngesimiso sokuguqulwa kwamandla. Amanzi ashiswa ku-boiler aze abe umusi ocindezelayo, oshisa kakhulu. Lomusi ube usudluliselwa ku-turbine ngomugqa oyinhloko womusi. Njengoba umusi ungena ku-turbine, uyanda nge-nozzle kanye nama-blades. Lokhu kwanda kubangela ushintsho emandleni: ingcindezi kanye namandla okushisa komusi kuguqulwa kube amandla e-kinetic (ijubane lokugeleza komusi), okube sekuguqulwa kube amandla omshini ngokusunduza ama-blades e-turbine, okubangela ukuthi i-rotor ijikeleze.
I-rotor ijikeleza ndawonye nomgodi we-turbine, oxhunywe kujeneretha. Ijeneretha isebenzisa isimiso sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic ukukhiqiza ugesi. Ngemva kokudlula esigabeni se-turbine, ingcindezi kanye nokushisa komusi kuyehla. Umusi ube usugeleza uye ku-condenser, lapho ujijelwa khona ubuyele emanzini, bese uphonswa ubuyiselwe kubhoyila. Lolu chungechunge lwaziwa ngokuthi umjikelezo we-Rankine futhi lwakha isisekelo sezitshalo eziningi zamandla ezisekelwe ku-turbine yomusi.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zesistimu ye-turbine yomusi
Nakuba i-turbine yomusi ibukeka njengomshini owodwa omkhulu, uhlelo luqukethe izingxenye eziningi ezihlanganisiwe:
1. Ibhoyila noma ijeneretha yomusi
Ikhiqiza umusi ocindezela kakhulu, oshisa kakhulu. Ikhwalithi yomusi (ukucindezela, izinga lokushisa, kanye nomswakama) ithinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-turbine kanye nesikhathi sokuphila kwayo.
2. I-turbine yomusi (ingxenye eyinhloko)
Kuqukethe i-rotor, i-casing, i-nozzle, kanye nama-turbine blades. Ukwakheka kwe-blade kanye nenani lezigaba kunquma ukuthi i-turbine iguqula kanjani amandla e-steam abe ukujikeleza ngempumelelo.
3. Umphathi kanye nohlelo lokulawula
Ilawula izinga lokugeleza komusi ongena ku-turbine nge-valve yokulawula, igcina ijubane lokujikeleza lizinzile noma ngabe umthwalo kagesi ushintsha.
4. Ijeneretha
Iguqula amandla omshini womshini abe amandla kagesi. Ijubane lokujikeleza kwe-turbine kumele lifane nemvamisa yesistimu, isibonelo, i-50 Hz e-Indonesia.
5. I-Condenser
Ukupholisa umusi wokukhipha umoya we-turbine ube ngamanzi (i-condensate). I-condenser isiza ukudala umfutho ophansi (i-vacuum) endaweni yokukhipha umoya we-turbine ukuze kwandiswe ukwanda komusi futhi kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle.
6. Iphampu yamanzi okuhambisa amanzi kanye ne-heater
Ukubuyisela amanzi ebhoyileni nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwesitshalo ngokusebenzisa ukushisa okusele.
Izinhlobo zama-turbine omusi
Ama-turbine omusi angahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ezicini eziningana:
1. Ngokusekelwe esimisweni sokushukuma nokusabela
– I-impulse turbine: umusi uyasheshiswa embotsheni, bese ushaya ama-rotor blades. Ushintsho olukhulu lwengcindezi lwenzeka embotsheni.
– I-turbine yokusabela: ukwanda kwenzeka kokubili ku-stator kanye ne-rotor. Kulo mklamo, ama-rotor blades nawo asebenza njengemibhobho.
Empeleni, ama-turbine anamuhla avame ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-impulse kanye ne-reaction ene-setting ehleliwe.
2. Ngokusekelwe ezingeni lokucindezela (HP, IP, LP)
Ezitshalweni ezinkulu zamandla, i-turbine ivame ukuhlukaniswa izingxenye eziningana:
– I-HP (Ukucindezela Okuphezulu): ithola umusi ophakeme ovela kubhoyila.
– IP (Ukucindezela Okuphakathi): ithola umusi ovela ekunwetshweni okuvela ku-HP, ngokuvamile ngemva kwenqubo yokufudumala kabusha.
– I-LP (Ukucindezela Okuphansi): isigaba sokugcina esinokucindezela okuphansi, ngokuvamile sinezinsika ezinde kakhulu kanye nobubanzi obukhulu.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusiza ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa umswakama womusi esigabeni sokugcina okungabangela ukuguguleka kwe-blade.
3. Ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni kokugeleza
– Ukugeleza kwe-Axial (okuvame kakhulu): ukugeleza komusi kuhambisana ne-axis.
– Ukugeleza kwemisebe: ukugeleza komusi kuqondile ku-axis; akuvamile kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla ezinkulu.
Indima yama-turbine omusi ekusebenzeni kahle kwezitshalo zamandla
Ukusebenza kahle kwesitshalo samandla esithutha kuthonywa yizici eziningi, kodwa i-turbine idlala indima ebalulekile ngoba isebenza "njengebhuloho" phakathi kwamandla okushisa namandla kagesi. Amanye amasu okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ahlobene nama-turbine afaka:
– Ukwandisa ingcindezi kanye nokushisa komphunga oyinhloko: lapho imingcele yomphunga iphakeme, kulapho kungakhishwa khona amandla amaningi. Izitshalo ezibucayi kakhulu nezibucayi kakhulu zisebenzisa izimo zomusi eziphezulu kakhulu ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle.
– Phinda ufudumale: umusi ophuma ku-turbine ye-HP uyafudumala bese ungena ku-turbine ye-IP/LP, kunciphisa umswakama esigabeni sokugcina futhi kwandise umkhiqizo womsebenzi.
– Ukushisa kwamanzi okuvuselelayo: umusi othile ukhishwa ku-turbine ukuze kufudunyezwe amanzi okuvuselelayo, kunciphisa umthwalo wokushisa kubhoyila futhi kwandise ukusebenza kahle okuphelele.
– Ukugcina i-vacuum ye-condenser: ukucindezela okuphansi ku-condenser kwandisa isilinganiso sokunwetshwa kwe-turbine ukuze umsebenzi we-turbine ukhule.
Ngaphandle komklamo we-thermodynamic, ukusebenza kahle kuthonywa nokuhlanzeka kwe-blade, ibhalansi ye-rotor, isimo sesivalo, kanye nokunemba kohlelo lokulawula.
Izinselele zokusebenza kanye nokugcinwa
Ama-turbine omusi asebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu: amazinga okushisa aphezulu, ukucindezela okuphezulu, kanye nesivinini esiphezulu sokujikeleza. Ngakho-ke, ukunakekelwa kubalulekile. Ezinye zezinkinga ezivamile zifaka:
1. Ukuguguleka nokugqwala kwensingo
Kwenzeka ikakhulukazi esigabeni se-LP ngenxa yomswakama nezinhlayiya. Umklamo wesigaba sokugcina kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi/ikhemikhali yebhoyila kumele kugcinwe ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo.
2. Ukudlidliza nokungalingani kwe-rotor
Ukudlidliza kungabangelwa ukungalungi kahle, ukungalingani, ukuguguleka kwamabhere, noma izimo zokugeleza komusi ezingazinzile. Ukuqapha ukudlidliza kuyinkomba ebalulekile yempilo ye-turbine.
3. Umonakalo we-bearing kanye ne-lubrication
Uhlelo lokugcoba kumele luhlanzeke futhi luzinzile. Ukungcola kukawoyela kungabangela ukuguguleka okusheshayo futhi kwandise ingozi yokukhubeka.
4. Ukukhathala okushisa
Imijikelezo evamile yokuma kokuqala (isibonelo, ngenxa yemithwalo ephezulu) ingabangela ukukhathala kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngakho-ke, izinqubo zokufudumeza nokuqala kumele zilandele amazinga ukuvimbela izinguquko zokushisa ezisheshayo.
5. Ukuvuza kwesivalo
Ukuvuza komusi esivalweni kunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle futhi kwandise ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli nge-kWh ngayinye.
Ngokusebenzisa ukulungiswa okusekelwe esimweni, izinzwa zesimanje (ukudlidliza, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamafutha) kanye nokuhlolwa okuvamile, ama-turbine angasetshenziswa ngokuphephile nangendlela engabizi kakhulu.
Ama-turbine omusi kanye noshintsho lwamandla
Uma kukhulunywa ngokushintsha kwamandla, ama-turbine omusi ahlala efanelekile. Izitshalo zamandla ze-biomass kanye ne-geothermal zisebenzisa kakhulu ama-turbine omusi. Ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi, ama-turbine omusi ayisici esibalulekile ngoba ukushisa okuvela ku-reactor kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza umusi ophendula i-turbine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezitshalweni zamandla zomjikelezo ohlanganisiwe, ukushisa kokukhipha okuvela ku-turbine yegesi kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza umusi ku-Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), eqhuba i-turbine yomusi ukwandisa amandla nokusebenza kahle.
Ama-turbine omusi nawo aqala ukudlala indima emqondweni wokuguquguquka kwesistimu, isibonelo, amakhono angcono okulandela umthwalo, ukuhlanganiswa nesitoreji sokushisa, kanye nokulawulwa kwedijithali okuthuthukisiwe ukuze kuphendule izinguquko zomthwalo ngenxa yokungena kwamandla avuselelekayo.
Isiphetho
I-turbine yomusi iwumshini wokuguqula amandla oguqula umusi ocindezela kakhulu ube ukujikeleza komshini ukuze ukhiqize ugesi. Isekelwa yi-boiler, i-condenser, iphampu, kanye nohlelo lokulawula, i-turbine yomusi yakha umongo womjikelezo we-Rankine, uhlelo oluye lwabonakala luthembekile iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Izinhlobo ze-turbine kanye nokucushwa—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-impulse noma i-reaction, noma i-HP-IP-LP split—zenzelwe ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle ngenkathi zigcina ukuthembeka. Naphezu kwezinselele ezifana nokuguguleka kwe-blade, ukudlidliza, kanye nokukhathala kokushisa, ama-turbine omusi ahlala ewubuchwepheshe obubalulekile ezitshalweni zamandla ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi lezo ezisekela ukuguquka kwamandla. Ngokugcinwa okufanele kanye nokusungula izinto nezinto zokulawula, ama-turbine omusi azoqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekweni kukagesi okuzinzile nokuphumelelayo.
