Imvamisa kagesi kugridi yamandla
Imvamisa kagesi ingenye yemingcele ebaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lwamandla kagesi. Uma i-voltage ingafaniswa "nokucindezela" okushayela ugesi, khona-ke imvamisa "isigqi" noma "ukushaya" okugcina zonke izingxenye kugridi yamandla zisebenza ngokuvumelana. Emazweni amaningi, amagridi kagesi asebenza ngemvamisa ejwayelekile engu-50 Hz noma engu-60 Hz. I-Indonesia, kanye namazwe amaningi ase-Asia naseYurophu, isebenzisa i-50 Hz. Nakuba kungase kubonakale kulula, ukugcina imvamisa ezinzile kuwumsebenzi omkhulu ohilela ukukhiqiza, ukudlulisa, ukusatshalaliswa, ngisho nokuziphatha komthwalo wamakhasimende.
Ukuqonda imvamisa kagesi
Imvamisa kagesi yinani lemijikelezo yamanje eshintshanayo (AC) eyenzeka ngomzuzwana. Iyunithi yayo yiHertz (Hz). Kuhlelo lwe-AC, i-voltage kanye nogesi kushintsha indlela ngezikhathi ezithile. Uma kushiwo imvamisa engu-50 Hz, kusho ukuthi imijikelezo ephelele engu-50 yenzeka ngomzuzwana owodwa. Le mvamisa ihlobene ngqo nesivinini sokujikeleza sejeneretha ehambisanayo esitshalweni samandla. Kalula nje, isivinini se-rotor sejeneretha kanye nenani lezinsika kunquma imvamisa yokukhipha. Ubudlelwano obujwayelekile yilobu:
f = (p × n) / 120,
lapho u-f kuyimvamisa (Hz), u-p inani lama-pole, kanye no-n ijubane lokujikeleza (rpm).
Ngakho-ke, imvamisa yesistimu akuyona nje inombolo, kodwa inkomba yebhalansi eguquguqukayo phakathi kwamandla akhiqizwayo namandla asetshenzisiwe.
Kungani kufanele kugcinwe imvamisa?
Imvamisa kugridi yamandla kumele isondele enanini layo elijwayelekile ngezizathu eziningana ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, amadivayisi amaningi kagesi aklanyelwe ukusebenza kahle kumaza athile. Ama-induction motors, isibonelo, anejubane elihambisanayo elincike kumaza. Ukushintsha imvamisa kungashintsha ijubane lemoto, kunciphise i-torque, kwandise ukulahlekelwa, futhi kuholele ekushiseni ngokweqile.
Okwesibili, ukuphambuka kwemvamisa kukhombisa ukungalingani kwamandla. Uma umthwalo udlula umthamo wokukhiqiza, uhlelo "luyahamba kancane" futhi imvamisa iyehla. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma umthamo wokukhiqiza udlula umthwalo, imvamisa iyanda. Ukungalingani okukhulu okushiywa kungalawulwa isikhathi eside kungaholela ekucinyweni komlilo okubanzi, njengoba izivikelo zizosebenza ukuvikela imishini ekulimaleni.
Okwesithathu, ukuzinza kohlelo lwamandla—kokubili ukuzinza kwe-engeli ye-rotor yejeneretha kanye nokuzinza kwe-voltage—kuthintwa ukulawulwa kwemvamisa. Ohlelweni olukhulu oluxhumene, ukwehluleka ukulawula imvamisa endaweni eyodwa kungaba nomthelela we-ripple kwezinye izindawo.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwemvamisa, umthwalo kanye nokukhiqiza
Kuhlelo lwamandla, ibhalansi yamandla ingabhalwa kalula kanje:
Ijeneretha ye-P = umthwalo we-P + ukulahleka kwesistimu
Uma umthwalo ukhuphuka ngokuzumayo (isibonelo, ngesikhathi sehora eliphezulu kusihlwa, noma lapho izimboni eziningi ziqala ukusebenza ngasikhathi sinye), uhlelo ludinga amandla engeziwe. Uma impendulo yejeneretha ibambezeleka, imvamisa izokwehla. Lokhu kwehla kwenzeka ngoba i-rotor yejeneretha ilahlekelwa amandla e-kinetic ukuze ibuyisele ukushoda kwamandla okwesikhashana. Amandla e-kinetic e-rotor asebenza njenge-buffer (inertia) esiza ukumelana nokushintsha kwemvamisa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho umthwalo wehla ngokuzumayo (isibonelo, lapho imboni ivala, noma kuvela ijeneretha enkulu ngokuzumayo), imvamisa inganda ngoba amandla amaningi abangela ukuthi amajeneretha “asheshise.” Yingakho opharetha besistimu kumele balinganisele ukukhiqizwa nomthwalo njalo, okwesibili nokwesibili.
Ukuphambuka okujwayelekile kwemvamisa kanye nekhwalithi kagesi
Imvamisa efanele ingu-50 Hz (noma u-60 Hz), kodwa empeleni, ukuphambuka okuncane kuhlala kukhona. Izinga lokuphambuka okubhekwa njengokujwayelekile ngalo kunqunywa amazinga okusebenza endawo kanye nemithethonqubo. Izinhlelo zamandla zanamuhla zinemigomo eqinile yekhwalithi yokuphambuka ehlobene nokusebenza kwemishini, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nokuqina kokuxhumana.
Ukuphambuka okuncane kwemvamisa kuvame ukungaqapheleki kumakhasimende asekhaya, kodwa kuhlala kubalulekile ezimbonini ezinemishini yokunemba, izinhlelo zokuvumelanisa, kanye nezinqubo ezibucayi. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, njengewashi likagesi elisekelwe ku-grid-frequency (elalivame kakhulu), zingabhekana nokungalungi uma imvamisa ejwayelekile iphambuka esikhathini eside. Ngakho-ke, abaqhubi bavame ukulawula hhayi nje ukuphambuka kwesikhashana kodwa futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi imvamisa ejwayelekile ibuyela ekunembeni ukuze kuncishiswe ukuqongelela kwamaphutha.
Indlela yokulawula imvamisa
Ukulawulwa kwemvamisa kwenziwa ngezendlalelo, kusukela ekuphenduleni okusheshayo kakhulu kuya ekuhleleni kwesikhathi esimaphakathi.
1. Impendulo engasebenzi
Lokhu kuyimpendulo yemvelo yesisindo esijikelezayo kujeneretha ehambisanayo. Uma kwenzeka ukungalingani kwamandla, amandla e-kinetic e-rotor asiza ukumelana nokushintsha kwemvamisa emizuzwaneni embalwa yokuqala. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukukhiqizwa okusekelwe ku-inverter (isb., i-PV namabhethri) kukhuphuka, i-inertia yesistimu ingancipha, okuvumela ukushintshashintsha kwemvamisa ukuthi kwenzeke kalula.
2. Ukulawula okuyinhloko (ukulawula imvamisa okuyinhloko)
Lokhu kulawula kuvame ukusebenzisa i-turbine governor esitshalweni esikhiqizayo. Uma imvamisa yehla, i-governor yandisa okokufaka kwamandla (isibonelo, ukuvula i-valve yomusi noma ukwandisa ukugeleza kwamanzi), yandisa amandla okukhipha. Ukulawula okuyinhloko kusebenza ngokushesha (imizuzwana kuya kwamashumi emizuzwana) futhi kumisa izinga lokwehla, kodwa ngokuvamile akubuyisi imvamisa ngqo ku-nominal; kumane kuyiqinisa ngenani elisha, eliseduze.
3. Ukulawula kwesibili (i-AGC)
Ukulawulwa Kokukhiqiza Okuzenzakalelayo (i-AGC) kusebenza ngesilinganiso samasekhondi angamashumi kuya kwemizuzu ukubuyisela imvamisa ibe yi-nominal futhi kulawule ukushintshana kwamandla phakathi kwezindawo ezixhumene. I-AGC ithumela ama-setpoint kumayunithi alawulayo ukuze kulungiswe amaphutha emvamisa kanye nokuphambuka kokugeleza kwamandla.
4. Ukulawula okuphakeme kanye nokuhlela (ukulawula okuphakeme/ukuthumela)
Lokhu ukulungiswa kokusebenza komnotho esikalini semizuzu kuya kwehora, okuhlanganisa izibopho zokukhiqiza, izilungiselelo zokujikeleza zokugcina imali, kanye nokuthunyelwa kabusha ukuze kulondolozwe imingcele yokuphepha.
Indima yokugcina amandla kanye nokuvikela
Ukuze kugcinwe imvamisa, opharetha besistimu banikeza amandla okusekela. Lokhu kusekela kungaba ngesimo samajeneretha asebenza ngaphansi komthamo omkhulu ukuze akhuphuke ngokushesha, noma izinsiza zokushaja ngokushesha njengamabhethri namajeneretha afinyelela phezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlelo zokuvikela ezifana nokucinywa komthwalo ongaphansi kwemvamisa (UFLS), okunciphisa kancane kancane umthwalo lapho imvamisa yehla ngaphansi komkhawulo othile. I-UFLS isebenza "njengebhuleki eliphuthumayo" ukuvimbela ukuwa kwesistimu. Ngenkathi amakhasimende engase abhekane nokuphazamiseka kwendawo, lesi sinyathelo singasindisa uhlelo olubanzi ekucinyweni ngokuphelele.
Ezinye izindlela zokuvikela zingasebenza futhi uma imvamisa iphezulu kakhulu, njengokuyalela ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa. Konke lokhu kubonisa ukuthi imvamisa iyisibonakaliso sempilo yesistimu okumele siqashwe ngokucophelela.
Izinselele zanamuhla: amandla avuselelekayo kanye nezinhlelo ezisekelwe ku-inverter
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo—ikakhulukazi ilanga (i-PV) nomoya—kuletha izinselele ezintsha ekulawulweni kwemvamisa. Amajeneretha amaningi avuselelekayo axhunywe kugridi ngama-inverters, kunokuba amajeneretha amakhulu ahambisanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, umnikelo we-inertia yemvelo uyancishiswa. Uhlelo luba lula kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinguquko zomthwalo noma ukuphazamiseka kungabangela izinguquko zemvamisa ngokushesha okukhulu (isilinganiso esiphezulu sokushintsha kwemvamisa).
Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, kuye kwathuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe obusha, njenge-synthetic inertia inverters, i-droop control emabhethrini, kanye ne-fast frequency response (FFR), engangenisa amandla ngama-burst amafushane kakhulu. Amabhethri esikali segridi angaphendula ngisho nangamakhulu ama-millisecond, okusiza ekunciphiseni ukwehla kwama-frequency ngaphambi kokuba ukulawula okuyinhloko kwe-turbine kube nethuba lokuqalisa.
Umthelela wokuphindaphinda emishinini nasekusebenzeni kahle
Amaza angazinzile angathinta ukusebenza kwezinhlobo eziningi zemishini:
– Ama-motor kagesi: ukushintsha kwesivinini, ukushelela kuyakhuphuka, izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka uma izimo ezinzima zihlala isikhathi eside.
– Ama-Transformers namadivayisi kazibuthe: izinguquko zemvamisa zithinta ukulahlekelwa okuyinhloko kanye nekhono lokugcwala ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, yize uhlelo ngokuvamile lugcina izinguquko zincane.
– Imishini kagesi: ngokuvamile isebenzisa izinsiza zikagesi ezishintshayo ezibekezelelayo, kodwa isadinga ikhwalithi yamandla enhle ukuze ithembeke.
– Izinqubo zezimboni: lezo ezidinga ukuvumelanisa kanye nokuqina kwesivinini zingase zibe nomuzwa wokuphambuka kwemvamisa.
Ngakho-ke, ukugcina imvamisa akugcini nje ngokusiza abaqhubi bezinhlelo, kodwa futhi nokugcina impilo yemishini kanye nekhwalithi yesevisi yamakhasimende.
Isiphetho
Imvamisa kagesi kugridi yamandla iyipharamitha eyisisekelo ekhombisa ibhalansi phakathi kokukhiqizwa kwamandla nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Imvamisa ejwayelekile engu-50 Hz kumele igcinwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-inertia yesistimu, ukulawula okuyinhloko nokwesibili (AGC), ukuhlela ukusebenza, kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla. Lapho kuvela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu, ukuvikelwa okufana ne-UFLS kungavimbela ukuwa kwesistimu ebanzi. Esikhathini sokuguquka kwamandla, ukwanda kwezitshalo zamandla ezisekelwe ku-inverter kudinga amasu amasha njenge-inertia yokwenziwa kanye nokuphendula okusheshayo kwemvamisa. Ngokuphathwa kahle kwemvamisa, uhlelo lwamandla lungasebenza ngokuzinzile nangokuthembekile, futhi lukhonze izidingo zikagesi zomphakathi ngendlela eqhubekayo.
