Imibono ku-Linguistic Anthropology
I-anthropology yolimi iyigatsha lesayensi elifunda ulimi njengomkhuba wezenhlalo namasiko. Ukugxila kwalo kudlulela ngale kwesakhiwo solimi (njengohlelo lolimi noma i-phonology), kodwa futhi nendlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ulimi ukwakha incazelo, ukuhlela ubudlelwano bomphakathi, ukuxoxisana ngobunikazi, nokugcina noma ukuphonsela inselelo amandla empilweni yansuku zonke. Ngenxa yokuthi ulimi luhlala lukhona kumongo, i-anthropology yolimi ihlola nezimo zenkulumo, izindinganiso zokuxhumana, izindinganiso zamasiko, umlando wamakoloni, ukuhamba, kanye nobuchwepheshe obubumba indlela abantu abakhuluma futhi baqonda ngayo inkulumo. Ukuze kuqondwe lokhu kuhlukahluka kwemibono, imibono nezindlela eziningana ziye zathuthuka futhi zaba yisisekelo sezifundo ze-anthropology yolimi. Lokhu okulandelayo kungenye yemibono ebaluleke kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa njalo.
1. Ubudlelwano Bezilimi: Sapir–Whorf
Ithiyori yokuhlobana kwezilimi, evame ukuhlotshaniswa no-Edward Sapir noBenjamin Lee Whorf, ithi ulimi luhlobene nendlela abantu abacabanga ngayo umhlaba. Enguqulweni "eqinile" (i-linguistic determinism), ulimi kucatshangwa ukuthi lunquma umcabango. Inguqulo eyamukelwa kabanzi inguqulo "ebuthakathaka": ulimi luthonya ukunaka, imikhuba yokucabanga, kanye nendlela esihlukanisa ngayo ulwazi ngezigaba.
Ku-anthropology yezilimi, ubudlelwano bezilimi buwusizo ekuhloleni ukuthi izigaba zohlelo lolimi, isilulumagama, noma izingathekiso zamasiko zithonya kanjani indlela amalungu omphakathi ahumusha ngayo isikhathi, isikhala, umbala, ubuhlobo, imizwa, noma ukuziphatha. Le ndlela ayibeki ulimi "njengejele lengqondo," kodwa njengethuluzi lamasiko elijwayeza izikhulumi zalo ukugqamisa izici ezithile zeqiniso. Ucwaningo lwezilimi ezixubile ngamagama aqondisayo, izinhlelo zezinombolo, noma ukuqanjwa kobuhlobo ngokuvamile lunikeza izibonelo zendlela ulimi oluhlobana ngayo namaphethini olwazi.
2. Ukwakheka kanye nolimi njengohlelo lwezimpawu
Ukwakheka, okusekelwe kuFerdinand de Saussure, kubukela ulimi njengohlelo lwezimpawu olunencazelo enqunywa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto ezingaphakathi kohlelo, hhayi ubudlelwano bazo obuqondile nomhlaba. Umqondo we-signifier kanye ne-signified ugcizelela ukuthi incazelo ihlobene. Ukwakheka kuye kwathonya kakhulu i-anthropology (isibonelo, uClaude Lévi-Strauss) ngombono wayo wokuthi isiko, okuhlanganisa nolimi, lakhiwe izakhiwo ezingahlaziywa.
Ku-anthropology yezilimi, ifa lokwakheka kwesakhiwo libonakala ekugxileni kwalo emaphethini, ukuphikisana okubili, kanye nezinhlelo zezigaba. Nakuba kamuva kwagxekwa ngokugcizelela ngokweqile "isakhiwo" kanye nokungazweli ekushintsheni kokusebenza, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kwasiza ekuhlinzekeni ngamathuluzi okuhlaziya okuqonda ukuhambisana kokwehlukahlukana kwezilimi namasiko.
3. I-Ethnography Yokuxhumana: UDell Hymes
UDell Hymes wasungula i-ethnography yokuxhumana njengendlela yokuhlolisisa izilimi, ehlola kuphela ikhono lolimi lwezikhulumi. Ngokusho kukaHymes, ukuze siqonde ulimi ngempela, sidinga ukufunda ikhono lokuxhumana: ikhono lokusebenzisa ulimi ngendlela efanele ezimweni zomphakathi nezamasiko. Wakha ithuluzi lokuhlaziya elidumile ngesifinyezo esithi SPEAKING (Setting/Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms, Genre).
Le ndlela ikhuthaza abacwaningi ukuthi bangene emkhakheni ukuze babheke indlela abantu abakhuluma ngayo ezimweni zokuxhumana zangempela: imikhosi yendabuko, imihlangano yasemakhaya, ukuxhumana kwemindeni, amakilasi esikoleni, izimakethe, ngisho nezingxoxo eziku-inthanethi. I-ethnography yokuxhumana igcizelela ukuthi imithetho "yenhlonipho," ukukhetha ulimi, izitayela zokukhuluma, nokuthi ubani ongakhuluma nokuthi nini konke kuyingxenye yesakhiwo senhlalo. Ngamanye amazwi, ulimi aluyona nje ithuluzi lokudlulisa imiyalezo, kodwa futhi luyindlela yokulawula impilo yomphakathi.
4. Ithiyori Yesenzo Sokukhuluma: U-Austin noSearle
Ithiyori yesenzo sokukhuluma ithi uma umuntu ekhuluma, akagcini nje “ngokusho” okuthile, kodwa futhi “wenza” okuthile. U-J.L. Austin wethula umehluko phakathi kwezenzo zokukhuluma (okushiwoyo), izenzo zokukhuluma (umsebenzi/inhloso yesenzo, njengokunikeza umyalo noma ukuthembisa), kanye nezenzo zokukhuluma (umthelela kumlaleli). Kamuva uJohn Searle wakha ukuhlukaniswa kwezenzo zokukhuluma ezifana neziqondiso, amakhomishini, izenzo zokumela, izenzo ezivezayo, kanye nezenzo zokumemezela.
Ku-anthropology yolimi, ithiyori yesenzo sokukhuluma isetshenziswa ukuhlaziya imikhuba yomphakathi efana nezifungo zendabuko, imithandazo, iziqalekiso, imikhosi yokuqamba amagama, izinkontileka zomshado, imiyalo yokulandelana, kanye nezingxoxo ezindaweni zomphakathi. Igxila ezimweni zenjabulo: lapho inkulumo "isebenza" futhi iqashelwa. Lokhu kwembula ukuthi amandla, izikhungo, kanye nezindinganiso zamasiko zinquma ukuthi amagama anemiphumela yomphakathi yini.
5. Ukuhlaziywa Kokuxhumana Nokuxoxisana
Ukuhlaziywa kokuxhumana okungokomfanekiso kanye nengxoxo (CA) kuhlola ukuthi ukuhleleka komphakathi kwakhiwa kanjani ezingeni elincane ngokusebenzisana kwansuku zonke. I-CA igxile ekushintsheni, ukuphumula, ukuphazamiseka, ukulungisa, ukuhleka, ukugcizelela, kanye nokuhlangana okuseduze njengokubingelelana nezimpendulo noma imibuzo nezimpendulo.
Ku-anthropology yezilimi, le ndlela ibalulekile ngoba ikhombisa ukuthi izimiso zamasiko aziveli njalo njengemithetho ecacile, kodwa kunalokho zibonakala emikhubeni yokuxhumana ephindaphindayo. Isibonelo, indlela abantu abenqaba ngayo izicelo ngokungaqondile, indlela ababonisa ngayo inhlonipho ngokukhetha kwabo amagama, noma indlela abagcina ngayo ubuso nabalingani babo bengxoxo. Ngokuhlaziya idatha yengxoxo ngokuningiliziwe, abacwaningi bangabona ukuthi ubunikazi, igunya, kanye nobunye kuxoxiswana kanjani isikhashana nesikhashana.
6. I-Pragmatics, i-Indexicality, kanye nomongo
I-Pragmatics ihlola incazelo yezinkulumo ngokusekelwe kumongo lapho zisetshenziswa khona. Umqondo owodwa obalulekile ku-anthropology yezilimi ukuhleleka kwezinkomba: ikhono lezinto zolimi (isb., izabizwana, amazinga okukhuluma, ukugcizelela, noma ukukhetha amagama) "ukukhomba" ezimweni ezithile zomphakathi, njengesikhundla, ukujwayelana, ubulili, ubuzwe, noma isimo sengqondo.
UMichael Silverstein uqinisa ukugxila ekuqondeni amagama futhi ubonisa ukuthi incazelo yezenhlalo yolimi ayithathi hlangothi. Isitayela senkulumo singakhomba "okufundile," "izwe," "okupholile," noma "okusemthethweni," kuye ngokuthi ulimi lukhona yini. Ngaleli lensi, i-anthropology yezilimi ihlola indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ukuhlukahluka kolimi ukuze bazibeke, bakhe ibanga, bakhe ubumbano, noma babonise ubudlelwano beqembu.
7. Imibono kanye namandla olimi
Ithiyori yemibono yolimi igcizelela ukuthi izinkolelo zomphakathi mayelana nolimi—lokho okubhekwa “njengokulungile,” “okuhle,” “okunenhlonipho,” noma “okwesizwe”—kuhlobene kakhulu nezombusazwe kanye namandla obunikazi. Imibono yolimi ingathonya inqubomgomo yemfundo, ukulinganisa, ukucwaswa kwezilimi zezilimi, kanye namathuba ezenhlalo nezomnotho ezikhulumini.
Ezimweni zolimi oluningi, imibono yolimi ichaza ukuthi kungani izilimi ezithile zikhuthazwa njengezilimi ezisemthethweni kuyilapho izilimi zendawo zibandlululwa. Kuphinde kusize ekuhloleni ukuthi ubukoloni, ukwakha isizwe, kanye nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke kushintsha kanjani amazinga olimi. Abacwaningi bavame ukuhlola izinkulumo zabezindaba, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni, imikhuba yesikole, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezikhulumi ezincane ukuze babone ukuthi ukungalingani kuphinda kuvele kanjani ngolimi—noma kubhekwane nakho ngokuvuselelwa kolimi kanye nokunyakaza kobunikazi.
8. Ukusebenza, Ubunikazi, kanye Nesitayela
Ithiyori yokwenza izinto—ethonywe kakhulu abacabangi abanjengoJudith Butler ezifundweni zobulili—ikhuluma ngomqondo wokuthi ubunikazi akuyona into “ehleliwe,” kodwa kunalokho ekhiqizwa ngezenzo eziphindaphindwayo, okuhlanganisa nemikhuba yolimi. Ku-anthropology yezilimi, isifundo sesitayela sihlola ukuthi izikhulumi zikhetha kanjani amarejista athile, isitsotsi, ulimi oluxubile, noma iphimbo ukuze “ziveze”: njengezintsha, zobungcweti, zenkolo, zesimanje, zendabuko, njalo njalo.
Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni izinto zasemadolobheni nezedijithali: ukuxuba amakhodi, izilimi ezixubile, ama-meme, kanye nezinhlobo zolimi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Ulimi luqondwa njengomthombo wokwakha ubuntu kanye namanethiwekhi omphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ubunikazi bubhekwa njengento enamandla futhi engaxoxiswana ngayo, hhayi nje ilebula.
9. Izilimi Zomphakathi kanye Nokwehlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Nakuba i-sociolinguistics ivame ukubhekwa njengomkhakha ohlukile, iyingxenye yesiko le-anthropology yezilimi, futhi ifunda ukuhlukahluka kolimi okuhlobene nesigaba sezenhlalo, uhlanga, ubudala, amanethiwekhi obungane, kanye nokuhambahamba. Ukukhathazeka kwayo okuyinhloko akukhona nje ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kukhona, kodwa ukuthi kungani kunencazelo nokuthi abantu bakubheka kanjani. Ukuhlukahluka kubhekwa njengomkhuba wezenhlalo oxhumene nomlando wendawo, ukufuduka, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu.
Le ndlela isiza ukuqonda ushintsho lolimi nokuthi izinhlobo ezithile zolimi zikhuphukela kanjani esimweni "esijwayelekile" kuyilapho ezinye zicwaswa. Lolu cwaningo luvame futhi ukuthinta izindaba zemfundo, ukufinyelela emisebenzini, kanye nokubandlululwa.
I-Penutup
Imibono ku-anthropology yezilimi ikhombisa ukuthi ulimi alunakuhlukaniswa nokuphila komphakathi. Ubudlelwano bolimi buyasiza ekuchazeni ubudlelwano phakathi kolimi nezindlela zokuqonda umhlaba; ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kunikeza amathuluzi okufunda ulimi njengohlelo; i-ethnography yokuxhumana igcizelela ukubaluleka komongo wamasiko; ithiyori yesenzo senkulumo ikhombisa ukuthi amazwi ayizenzo; ukuhlaziywa kwengxoxo kwembula ukuhambisana komphakathi ezingeni elincane; i-pragmatics kanye ne-indexicality kuchaza izincazelo zomphakathi ezitholakala ekukhethweni kolimi; i-ideology yolimi iqokomisa ubukhulu bamandla; kuyilapho ukusebenza kanye nesitayela kukhombisa ulimi njengendlela yokwakha ubuwena.
Ngokuhlanganisa lezi zinkolelo-mbono, i-anthropology yezilimi ingahlola ngokugcwele izenzakalo zolimi: kusukela engxoxweni yansuku zonke kuya enqubweni yesifundazwe, kusukela emasikweni endabuko kuya ekuxhumaneni kwedijithali. Ekugcineni, lolu cwaningo lusikhumbuza ukuthi ukuqonda ulimi kusho nokuqonda abantu—indlela yabo yokuphila, izindinganiso abazigcinayo, kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo abakhayo.
