I-Ethnography Yokuxhumana Ezifundweni Zolimi
I-ethnography yokuxhumana iyindlela ebalulekile yezifundo zolimi ebeka ulimi njengengxenye ebalulekile yempilo yezenhlalo namasiko. Ngokungafani nezifundo zolimi ezigxila kuphela esakhiweni solimi—njenge-phonology, i-morphology, noma i-syntax—i-ethnography yokuxhumana igxila endleleni ulimi olusetshenziswa ngayo amalungu omphakathi ezimweni zangempela. Le ndlela ikholelwa ukuthi ukuze baqonde incazelo yenkulumo, abacwaningi akumelwe bahlaziye kuphela isakhiwo semisho kodwa futhi baqonde ukuthi ubani okhuluma, ubani, ngasiphi isimo, ngayiphi injongo, futhi ngokwemigomo yamasiko evamile.
Incazelo kanye nesizinda
Igama elithi "i-ethnography yokuxhumana" lihlotshaniswa kakhulu nomsebenzi kaDell Hymes ngawo-1960 no-1970. UHymes wagxeka izilimi ezisemthethweni njengombono omncane kakhulu, engazinaki izilinganiso zomphakathi zokusetshenziswa kolimi. Wethula umqondo wekhono lokuxhumana, elibhekisela ekhonweni lomuntu hhayi nje kuphela lokwakha imisho efanele ngokohlelo lolimi kodwa futhi nokuyisebenzisa ngendlela efanele nangokwezinga elifanele ezimweni zomphakathi. Kusukela kulo mbono, i-ethnography yokuxhumana yathuthuka njengocwaningo lwamaphethini okuxhumana ngaphakathi kwesiko elithile.
Ngamazwi alula, i-ethnography yokuxhumana ingaqondwa njengesifundo sekhwalithi esihlola imikhuba yokuxhumana yomphakathi: lokho okubhekwa njengenkulumo enhle, ukuthi imithetho yokukhuluma iphoqelelwa kanjani, izinhlobo zemicimbi yokukhuluma ezibalulekile, nokuthi ubunikazi bomphakathi kanye nobudlelwano bamandla bubonakala kanjani olimini.
Ukugxila Kocwaningo: Ulimi Njengomkhuba Womphakathi
Ekuxhumaneni nge-ethnography, ulimi luqondwa njengomkhuba wezenhlalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ulimi aluyona nje ithuluzi lokudlulisa ulwazi, kodwa futhi luyindlela yokwakha ubudlelwano, ukuqinisa isimo, ukubonisa inhlonipho, ukuxoxisana, ngisho nokufihla izinhloso. Isibonelo, indlela umuntu akhuluma ngayo nomunye umuntu ingaveza izimpawu zokuqhelelana emphakathini, inhlonipho, ukusondelana, noma ukufaneleka. Emiphakathini ethile, ukusetshenziswa kwamagama obuhlobo afana nokuthi "Pakde," "Anti," "Kak," noma "Mas" akuyona nje indaba yokukhuluma kodwa futhi kuyindlela yokwakha ubudlelwano bezenhlalo.
Lolu cwaningo luphinde lwathola ukuthi "incazelo" eyodwa ingahluka kuye ngomongo wamasiko. Izinkulumo ezibhekwa njengeziqondile nezithembekile endaweni eyodwa zingabhekwa njengezingenanhlonipho kwenye indawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indlela engaqondile yokuveza ukugxeka ingase iqondwe njengenhlonipho kwesinye isiko kodwa ibhekwe njengengenaso isinqumo kwenye.
Amayunithi Okuhlaziya Ekuxhumaneni Kwe-Ethnography
I-Ethnography yezifundo zokuxhumana zokuxhumana ngamayunithi amaningana noma amazinga okuhlaziya. Ngokuvamile, abacwaningi bahlukanisa phakathi kwalokhu okulandelayo:
1. Umphakathi wenkulumo: iqembu lezenhlalo elinohlelo lokusetshenziswa kolimi olufana nolwabantu abakhuluma ulimi olufanayo. Umphakathi wenkulumo awufani ngaso sonke isikhathi nomphakathi wezilimi; amaqembu amabili angasebenzisa ulimi olufanayo kodwa abe nezindlela zokukhuluma ezihlukene.
2. Isimo senkulumo: umongo ojwayelekile lapho ukuxhumana kwenzeka khona, isibonelo imihlangano yasemakhaya, amakilasi esikole, imikhosi yendabuko, noma ukuxhumana emakethe.
3. Umcimbi wenkulumo: umsebenzi wokuxhumana ohlelekile onenhloso ethile, isibonelo inqubo yesiphakamiso, iseshini yenkantolo yendabuko, intshumayelo yangoLwesihlanu, noma ingxoxo yeqembu.
4. Izenzo zokukhuluma: izenzo zolimi oluncane njengokubuza, ukuyala, ukudumisa, ukwenqaba, ukusho noma ukuthembisa.
Ngokuhlela la mazinga, abacwaningi bangabona isakhiwo senhlalo sokuxhumana ngendlela ehlelekile.
Imodeli Yokukhuluma evela kuDell Hymes
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu kaDell Hymes ekucwaningweni kwe-ethnography yokuxhumana ithuluzi lokuhlaziya elaziwa ngokuthi imodeli YOKUKHULUMA. Le modeli isiza abacwaningi ukuhlaziya izakhi ezibalulekile zesehlakalo senkulumo:
– S (Isimo kanye Nesimo): indawo, isikhathi, kanye nesimo sesimo sokuxhumana.
– P (Abahlanganyeli): amaqembu ahilelekile (isikhulumi, umlingani wenkulumo, izethameli), okuhlanganisa nezindima zabo emphakathini.
– E (Ukuphela): imigomo kanye nemiphumela elindelekile yokuxhumana.
– A (Ukulandelana kwezenzo): ukulandelana kwezenzo noma ukugeleza kwenkulumo (indlela ingxoxo eqala, ethuthuka futhi ephela ngayo).
– K (Isihluthulelo): ithoni noma isitayela (esingathi sína, ehlekisayo, ehlekisayo, ehlelekile).
– I (Izinto Ezisetshenziswayo): iziteshi zolimi kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene (ezikhulunywayo/ezibhaliwe, ulimi lwesigodi, ikhodi exubile, imidiya yedijithali).
– N (Izimiso): izimiso zokuxhumana kanye nokuhumusha (okungase kushiwo/okungengashiwo, uma sekuyithuba lomuntu lokukhuluma).
– G (Uhlobo): uhlobo lwenkulumo (inkulumo, isigqi, inhlebo, inkulumo, ukuxoxisana).
Ngokukhuluma, abacwaningi bangachaza ukuthi kungani inkulumo “inencazelo” emphakathini othile, hhayi nje ukuthi amagama asho ukuthini.
Indlela Yokucwaninga: Ukuqaphela Okuseduze
I-ethnography yokuxhumana ngokuvamile isebenzisa izindlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngokugcizelela umsebenzi wasensimini. Abacwaningi benza ukuqaphela kwabahlanganyeli, izingxoxo ezijulile, ukubhala amanothi ezimo zomphakathi, kanye nokuqopha ukuxhumana (umsindo/ividiyo) noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Idatha eqoqwe ayihlanganisi nje kuphela imibhalo yengxoxo kodwa futhi namanothi ngokushukuma komzimba, ukubonakaliswa, ibanga elingokomzimba, ukulandelana kokuxhumana, kanye nokusabela kwabahlanganyeli.
Inqubo yokuhlaziya ivame ukufaka: (1) ukuhlonza izehlakalo ezibalulekile zenkulumo emphakathini, (2) ukumaka izindinganiso zokuxhumana, (3) ukuhlaziywa kwamasu olimi kanye nokukhetha ikhodi, kanye (4) nokuchazwa kwencazelo yezenhlalo namasiko yalezi zindlela zokuxhumana. Kulesi sigaba, abacwaningi kudingeka babe nozwela emibonweni yangaphakathi (emic), hhayi nje ukuhlolwa kwangaphandle (etic).
Ukufaneleka Kwezifundo Zolimi e-Indonesia
Esimweni sase-Indonesia lapho kunezilimi eziningi namasiko amaningi khona, i-ethnography yokuxhumana ibaluleke kakhulu. Umehluko ngokobuzwe, izilimi zesifunda, izilimi zesifunda, kanye nemikhuba yenhlonipho eyahlukahlukene kwenza ukusetshenziswa kolimi kuhlotshaniswe kakhulu nesizinda samasiko. Isibonelo, ukukhetha phakathi kokuthi "wena-mina" nokuthi "wena-mina," noma ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezinenhlonipho ngesiJavanese, akuyona nje ukukhetha kolimi, kodwa isinqumo sezenhlalo esibonisa ubuholi, ubudala, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko yokuxhumana kwedijithali ivule izindlela ezintsha zocwaningo. Ezingxoxweni zezokuxhumana, isibonelo, kuvela imikhuba emisha, njengokusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zomzwelo, izifinyezo, noma izitayela zokugcona, ezingahluka emiphakathini eku-inthanethi. I-ethnography yokuxhumana ingasiza ekuqondeni ukuthi ubunikazi kanye nobunye kwakhiwa kanjani ngolimi ezindaweni zedijithali, kanye nendlela izingxabano zokuxhumana ezingavela ngayo ngenxa yokwehluka ekuchazeni imikhuba.
Izinzuzo Zokuxhumana Nge-Ethnography
Le ndlela iwusizo emikhakheni eyahlukene. Emfundweni yolimi, i-ethnography yokuxhumana isiza othisha ukuqonda ukuthi "ukushelela" akukhona nje kuphela ngohlelo lolimi, kodwa futhi nekhono lokukhetha izinkulumo ezifanele. Ekuxhumaneni kwamasiko ahlukahlukene, le ndlela idlala indima ekuvimbeleni ukungaqondani ngenxa yokwehluka kwemikhuba yokukhuluma. Ezifundweni zezilimi zomphakathi, i-ethnography yokuxhumana ithuthukisa ukuhlaziywa kokwehluka kolimi ngokugcizelela imisebenzi yalo yomphakathi.
Emkhakheni wenqubomgomo yomphakathi, okutholakele okuvela ku-ethnography yokuxhumana kungasetshenziswa ukuklama izinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, izinsizakalo zomphakathi, noma ukuxhumana kwezempilo. Isibonelo, indlela ulwazi lwezempilo oludluliselwa ngayo emphakathini othile kungadingeka ivumelane namaphethini eziphathimandla zendawo, izinhlobo zenkulumo ezithembekile, kanye namasu olimi abhekwa njengenhlonipho.
I-Penutup
I-Ethnography yokuxhumana ezifundweni zolimi inikeza umbono ophelele: ulimi luqondwa njengesenzo senhlalo esihlala siboshwe yisiko. Ngokuhlola amaphethini okuxhumana ngaphakathi kwemiphakathi yokukhuluma, le ndlela isisiza siqonde ukuthi ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo akunqunywa nje kuphela ngokunemba kohlelo lolimi kodwa futhi nangokufaneleka komphakathi, izindinganiso zamasiko, kanye nezindinganiso zokuxhumana. Emphakathini ohlukahluka futhi oxhumene ngokwandayo, i-ethnography yokuxhumana iyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuguquguquka kolimi ngendlela enobuntu, ehambisana nesimo, futhi efanelekile empilweni yansuku zonke.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza nezibonelo zesifundo secala (isib. i-ethnography yokuxhumana emikhosini yendabuko, emakilasini, noma ezingxoxweni zezokuxhumana) ukuze ngenze lesi sihloko sibe ngokoqobo futhi sisondele kumagama ayi-1000 ngokunembile.
