Indima Yolimi Ekwakhekeni Kobuntu
Ulimi aluyona nje indlela yokuxhumana yokudlulisa ulwazi. Empilweni yomphakathi, ulimi lusebenza njengophawu lokuthi singobani, singobani, nokuthi yiziphi izindinganiso esinazo. Indlela umuntu akhuluma ngayo—kusukela ekukhetheni amagama, iphimbo, ulimi lwesigodi, kuya kolunye ulimi olusetshenziswayo—ivame ukusebenza njengekhadi lobunikazi elifundwa abanye. Ngakho-ke, ulimi ludlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kobunikazi bomphakathi, ubuwena obuvela ngobudlelwano bethu nendawo esikuyo, amaqembu, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi ezisizungezile.
Ulimi njengophawu lobulungu beqembu
Ukuzazi komphakathi kuhlobene kakhulu nomuzwa wokuba yingxenye. Uma umuntu esebenzisa ulimi lwesifunda njengesiJavanese, isiSundanese, isiMinangkabau, isiBugis, noma isiBatak, akagcini nje ngokudlulisela incazelo yesichazamazwi kodwa futhi uqinisekisa ukunamathela kwakhe emphakathini othile. Izilimi zendawo, ukugqamisa, kanye nesilulumagama kungabonisa imvelaphi yendawo kanye nesizinda samasiko. Ezingxoxweni zansuku zonke, lezi zimpawu zingakhuthaza ubumbano: abantu bavame ukuzizwa besondelene nalabo abakhuluma ulimi olufanayo.
Izenzakalo ezifanayo zenzeka kwamanye amaqembu omphakathi. Inkulumo-slang yentsha, amagama abantu abathanda ukuzilibazisa, noma amagama asetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe (isib., amagama ezokwelapha, ezomthetho, noma ezobuchwepheshe) ziba uhlobo "lwekhodi" olusiza ukusebenzisana kweqembu futhi lubahlukanise nabantu bangaphandle. Uma umuntu ekhuluma kahle ulimi oluthile, ubhekwa "njengengxenye" yeqembu, kanti ukungajwayeleki ngamagama afanayo kungambeka njengomuntu omusha noma ongaphandle.
Ukuhlukahluka kolimi kanye nesakhiwo senhlalo
Ku-sociolinguistics, ukuhlukahluka kolimi kuhlobene kakhulu nokuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo. Izinhlobo zolimi ezisemthethweni zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezimo ezisemthethweni, imfundo, kanye nezikhungo, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezingahlelekile noma ezivamile zivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ebunganini nasemindenini. Lokhu kukhetha ulimi akuthathi hlangothi, njengoba kungabonakalisa isikhundla somuntu emphakathini kanye namasu okwakha isithombe sakhe.
Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa isi-Indonesia esisemthethweni ezimweni ezithile kungaba yindlela yokubonisa ikhono, ubungcweti, noma igunya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenzisa ulimi oluvamile kungaba yindlela yokubonisa ukusondelana nokulingana. Ezindaweni zomphakathi, umuntu angakhetha ukushintsha indlela yakhe yokukhuluma ukuze "afanele" izilaleli—inqubo evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukushintsha isitayela. Lokhu kulungiswa akugcini nje ngokuba nenhlonipho, kodwa futhi kumayelana nobunikazi: "siziveza" ngendlela ehlukile ngokwendima yomphakathi esiyidlalayo.
Ulimi luyisici esibalulekile sobuntu kanye namasiko
Ulimi luhlobene kakhulu namasiko. Izindinganiso eziningi zomphakathi, izindinganiso, kanye nemibono ngempilo zifakwe ezindleleni zokukhuluma, izaga, kanye nezinhlelo zokubingelela. Isibonelo, ngesiJavanese, amazinga okukhuluma (ngoko, krama) abonisa imiqondo yenhlonipho kanye nokuhlelwa komphakathi. Ezilimini ezahlukene zesifunda kulo lonke elase-Indonesia, izinhlelo zokubingelela zichaza ubudlelwano bobuhlobo, ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kobudlelwano bomndeni nomphakathi.
Uma ulimi lugcinwa phakathi kokubuswa kwezilimi zesizwe noma zomhlaba wonke, inqubo ivame ukuhunyushwa njengomzamo wokulondoloza ubuwena bamasiko. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho izilimi zendawo ziqala ukusetshenziswa kaningi yisizukulwane esisha, kuvela ukukhathazeka mayelana nokulahlekelwa ubuwena bamasiko. Imiphakathi eminingi ibona ukuvuselelwa kolimi njengengxenye yomzabalazo wokugcina isithunzi samasiko kanye nokusimama. Ngakho-ke, ulimi alubonisi nje ubuwena bobuhlanga kodwa futhi luba yindawo ebalulekile yezepolitiki yamasiko.
Ubunikazi bobulili kanye nolimi
Ulimi ludlala indima ekwakheni nasekuvezeni ubunikazi bobulili. Indlela esikhuluma ngayo ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokucabanga komphakathi mayelana nobudoda kanye nobufazi—isibonelo, umbono wokuthi abesifazane “kufanele” bakhulume kancane, noma ukuthi amadoda “kufanele” aqine futhi aqonde. Nakuba lezi zindinganiso ezingezona iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi zingaba nomthelela, iqiniso liwukuthi lezo zindinganiso zomphakathi zithonya indlela abantu abaziveza ngayo.
Kwezinye izimo, ukukhethwa kwamagama kanye nesitayela solimi kungasetshenziswa ukugcizelela ubuwena bobulili obuthile noma ukwenqaba imikhuba ekhona. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamagama angathathi hlangothi ngokobulili noma ukwenqatshwa kwamagama ahlambalazayo kungaba yizenzo zolimi ezinokubaluleka komphakathi. Izinguquko zolimi ezindabeni zobulili zibonisa ukuthi ubuwena abuzinzile, kodwa kunalokho kuxoxiswana ngakho ngokusebenzisana komphakathi kanye nentuthuko.
Ulimi, isigaba senhlalo, kanye nodumo
Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zezilimi ezibhekwa ngokulinganayo. Emiphakathini eminingi, ezinye izinhlobo zibhekwa “njengeziphakeme” kanti ezinye “eziphansi.” Lokhu kwahlulela kuhlobene nodumo lomphakathi. Ezinye izindlela zokukhuluma zingase zibhekwe njengezifundile kakhulu, kanti ezinye zibhekwa njengezisemaphandleni kakhulu—yize lokhu kwahlulela kungokwenhlalo kakhulu kunokwezilimi. Ulimi lube yindlela engazuzisa amanye amaqembu futhi inciphise amanye.
Ngokwesibonelo, emsebenzini, amakhono olimi lwase-Indonesia asemthethweni, amakhono okwethula, noma ikhono lolimi lwakwamanye amazwe ngokuvamile asebenza njengemali yomphakathi. Labo abanokufinyelela okungcono emfundweni bavame ukuba namathuba amakhulu okuthuthukisa amakhono olimi abhekwa njengabalulekile kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ulimi lungadlala indima ekuphindaphindweni kokungalingani kwezenhlalo: hhayi ngenxa yolimi ngokwalo, kodwa ngoba izikhungo zomphakathi zivuza izinhlobo ezithile zolimi ngendlela ehlukile.
Ulimi endaweni yedijithali: ubunjalo obushintshashintshayo nobushintsha ngokushesha
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuxhumana kwenze ukwakheka kobunikazi ngolimi kwabonakala kakhulu. Esikhaleni sedijithali, abantu bangakha ubuntu ngokukhetha amagama, isitayela samagama angezansi, ukusetshenziswa kwama-meme, izifinyezo, noma ukuxuba ikhodi. Izimpawu ezifana ne-"Jaksel" (inhlanganisela yesi-Indonesia nesiNgisi), isibonelo, azizona nje imikhuba yolimi kodwa futhi zihambisana nezigaba ezithile, izindlela zokuphila, kanye nemiphakathi.
Izikhala zedijithali nazo zisheshisa ukwakheka kobunikazi obusha bomphakathi. Iqembu labalandeli, umphakathi wezemidlalo, noma iqembu labalweli lingaba nesilulumagama esihlukile esiqondwa ngamalungu alo. Ulimi luba ithuluzi lokuqinisa ubumbano, kanye nesithiyo esingokomfanekiso esihlukanisa "thina" "kubo." Ngenxa yokuthi ubunikazi obuku-inthanethi buvame ukuguquguquka, abantu ngabanye bangashintsha izitayela zabo zolimi ukuze zivumelane nomongo wepulatifomu kanye nezilaleli.
Ulimi njengendawo yokuxoxisana ngobuwena kanye nokungqubuzana
Ngenxa yokuthi ulimi lubonisa ubuwena, lungaba futhi umthombo wokungqubuzana. Izingxoxo mayelana nezilimi zesizwe nezifunda, izidingo zokuqashelwa kwezilimi ezincane, noma ukucwaswa kwezilimi ezithile kubonisa ukuthi ulimi luyinkundla yezepolitiki. Uma iqembu linomuzwa wokuthi ulimi lwalo luyehliswa, lingazizwa sengathi ubuwena balo abuhlonishwa.
Kodwa-ke, ulimi lungaba yibhuloho. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa izilimi eziningi kuvumela umuntu ukuthi adlule emiphakathini ehlukene. Abantu abaningi base-Indonesia baphila empilweni yezilimi eziningi: ukusebenzisa ulimi lwabo lwesifunda ekhaya, isi-Indonesia esikoleni nasemsebenzini, kanye nolimi lwangaphandle ezindaweni ezithile. Lo mkhuba akusho ukuthi umuntu uzolahlekelwa ubuwena; empeleni, ungawucebisa, njengoba abantu befunda ukuhamba emikhakheni ehlukene yomphakathi.
I-Penutup
Indima yolimi ekwakhiweni kobunikazi bomphakathi inkulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. Ulimi luphawula ubulungu beqembu, lubonisa izakhiwo zomphakathi, lugcina ubuwena bamasiko, lwakha izindima zobulili, futhi luthonya namathuba ezomnotho ngokusebenzisa amanani odumo. Esikhathini sedijithali, ulimi luya ngokuya luba ithuluzi elinamandla lokudala ubuwena—lungakhiwa, luhlanzwe, futhi luxoxiswane ngokushesha.
Ekugcineni, ukuqonda ulimi njengengxenye yobuntu bomphakathi kusisiza ukuba sizwele kakhulu ukuhlukahluka. Singabona ukuthi ngemuva kwayo yonke inkulumo, ukuhlukahluka, noma ukukhethwa kwamagama kulele okuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo, umlando, kanye namasu omphakathi. Ngokuhloniphana, ulimi alugcini nje ngokuba yindlela yokuhlukanisa kodwa futhi luba yindlela yokwakha ubudlelwano obunobulungiswa nobabandakanya wonke umuntu emphakathini.
