Ukuhlaziywa Kwenkulumo kanye Nokwakhiwa Kweqiniso Komphakathi
Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kuyindlela ezifundweni zokuxhumana kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo ehlola indlela ulimi olusetshenziswa ngayo emibhalweni nasezimweni, kanye nendlela ulimi olubumba futhi olubonisa ngayo iqiniso lezenhlalo. Le ndlela ayihloli nje kuphela lokho okushiwoyo kodwa futhi nokuthi kanjani, kungani, kanye nemiphumela engakanani eshiwoyo okuthile. Inkulumo, kulokhu, ayibonwa nje kuphela njengokubonakaliswa kweqiniso kodwa njengokwakhiwa kweqiniso uqobo. Kulesi sihloko, sizongena ngokujulile ekuhlaziyweni kwenkulumo kanye nokwakhiwa kweqiniso kwezenhlalo nokuthi lokhu okubili kuhlobene kanjani futhi kuthonya kanjani izimpilo zethu zenhlalo.
Incazelo kanye nomlando wokuhlaziywa kwenkulumo
Indlela yokuhlaziya izingxoxo isuselwe emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa izilimi, isayensi yezenhlalo, isayensi yabantu, kanye nezifundo zabezindaba. UMichel Foucault, isazi sefilosofi saseFrance kanye nesazi-mlando, wayengumuntu obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori yezingxoxo. UFoucault waphikisana ngokuthi inkulumo akuyona nje ukuxhumana ngomlomo noma okubhaliwe kodwa futhi ihlanganisa imikhuba yomphakathi, izikhungo, kanye nezakhiwo ezakha ulwazi namandla emphakathini.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kuye kwavela emagatsheni nasezindleleni ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa nokuhlaziywa kwenkulumo ebucayi, okugxila ekwembuleni ubudlelwano bamandla obufihliwe ngemuva kwenkulumo. Abantu abadumile ekuhlaziyweni kwenkulumo ebucayi, njengoNorman Fairclough noTeun A. van Dijk, bahlola ukuthi ulimi nemibhalo kudala, kugcina, futhi kuphonsele inselelo izakhiwo zamandla.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Yokwakhiwa Kweqiniso Komphakathi
Ukwakhiwa kweqiniso kwezenhlalo kuyinkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo ethi iqiniso alamukelwa nje njengelingelona iqiniso kodwa liphinde lakhiwe kabusha ngokusebenzisana kwezenhlalo kanye nolimi lwabantu. Le nkolelo-mbono yasungulwa kakhulu nguPeter L. Berger noThomas Luckmann encwadini yabo ethi "The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge" (1966). Ngokusho kwabo, ulwazi nencazelo akutholakali kodwa kwakhiwa ngezinqubo zomphakathi.
Ngokombono wokwakha umphakathi, izikhungo, izindinganiso, kanye nezindinganiso ezikhona emphakathini azibhekwa njengamaqiniso emvelo angangabazeki kodwa njengomphumela wokuvumelana komphakathi okungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isibonelo, imiqondo yobulili, umndeni, noma ngisho nempilo kanye nokugula kubhekwa njengezakhiwo zomphakathi ezingahluka phakathi kwamasiko nezikhathi.
Ukusebenzisana Phakathi Kwenkulumo Nokwakhiwa Kweqiniso Komphakathi
Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kanye nokwakhiwa kweqiniso kwezenhlalo kuhlobene kakhulu ngoba kokubili kugcizelela ukubaluleka kolimi kanye nokuxhumana kwezenhlalo ekwakheni imibono yethu ngomhlaba. Inkulumo ayibonisi nje kuphela iqiniso lezenhlalo kodwa futhi iyalibumba futhi liyalakha. Isibonelo, abezindaba basebenzisa izinkulumo ezithile ukuklama izindaba zezepolitiki ngezindlela ezingathonya umbono womphakathi. Izindaba, izingcezu zemibono, ngisho nezikhangiso kudala izindaba ezingabumba imibono yethu ngemicimbi ethile kanye namaqembu omphakathi.
Inkulumo nayo idlala indima ekuqinisekisweni okusebenzayo kanye nokubekwa eceleni kwamandla. Ngale ndlela, inkulumo ingasetshenziswa ukuqinisa isimo samanje noma ukuphonsela inselelo nokushintsha izakhiwo zamandla ezikhona. Ngamanye amazwi, inkulumo akuyona nje ithuluzi lokuxhumana kodwa futhi iyithuluzi lokulawula nokukhulula.
Ucwaningo Lwecala: Ukumelwa Kobulili Kwabezindaba
Ukuze sibone ukuthi inkulumo kanye nokwakhiwa kweqiniso emphakathini kusebenza kanjani, ake sihlole isifundo secala sokumelwa kobulili kwabezindaba. Ukumelwa kobulili kwabezindaba kuvame ukubonakalisa nokuqinisa imibono ephambene nobulili. Isibonelo, abesifazane bavame ukuvezwa njengabantu abangenzi lutho, abanomzwelo, nabavalelwe ezindimeni zasekhaya, kuyilapho amadoda evezwa njengabantu abanamandla, abanengqondo, nabathatha izinqumo.
Ucwaningo lukaGaye Tuchman luchaza lesi simo ngokuthi "ukubhujiswa okungokomfanekiso," lapho izindima kanye neminikelo yabesifazane ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila kuvame ukubukelwa phansi noma ukunganakwa ngokuphelele. Kulesi simo, abezindaba abagcini nje ngokubonisa iqiniso lezenhlalo kodwa futhi badlala indima esebenzayo ekwakheni nasekulondolozeni imibono yobulili ekhona.
Ukuhlaziywa kwengxoxo ebucayi yokumelwa kobulili kwabezindaba kuvula amehlo ethu ngendlela ulimi nezithombe ezisetshenziswayo ezingaqinisa ngayo ukungalingani ngokobulili. Ngokuthola la maphethini aphikisanayo, singaqala ukuqonda nokuphonsela inselelo ukwakheka komphakathi okungenabulungisa.
Imfundo Njengethuluzi Lokwakha Umphakathi
Imfundo ingenye indawo lapho inkulumo idlala indima enamandla ekudaleni nasekuqiniseni iqiniso lezenhlalo. Uhlelo lwezifundo, izinto zokufundisa, nezindlela zokufundisa zibonisa futhi zakha izindinganiso nezindinganiso zomphakathi. UPierre Bourdieu ubize imfundo njengendawo lapho "ubudlova obungokomfanekiso" buqhutshwa khona, lapho ukubusa kwamasiko nomphakathi kusetshenziswa khona ngenqubo yemfundo.
Ekilasini, othisha bangase baqinise ngokungazi imibono yobulili noma yobuhlanga ngezibonelo abazinikezayo, ulimi abalusebenzisayo, noma ngisho nendlela abaphatha ngayo ikilasi. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo ezimweni zemfundo kusisiza ukuba sibone futhi siphonsele inselelo lokhu kucwasa okufihliwe.
Imiphumela kanye nezicelo ezisebenzayo
Ukuqonda ukuthi inkulumo kanye nokwakhiwa kweqiniso kwezenhlalo kusebenzelana kanjani kusinika amathuluzi okuthonya ushintsho kwezenhlalo. Isibonelo, ngokusebenzisa inkulumo ebandakanyayo nelinganayo kwezemfundo, kwabezindaba, nakwezinye izikhungo, singaqala ukwakha iqiniso lezenhlalo elilinganayo nelinobulungisa.
Endaweni yokusebenza, ukuqonda ukuthi inkulumo ibumba kanjani izindima kanye nobunikazi kungasiza ekudaleni izinqubomgomo ezilinganayo nezibandakanya wonke umuntu. Kwezepolitiki, ukuqaphela amandla enkulumo ekwakheni umbono womphakathi kunganikeza amasu emikhankaso yokumela ephumelela kakhudlwana.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kanye nokwakhiwa kweqiniso emphakathini kuyimiqondo emibili ebalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ulimi kanye nokusebenzisana komphakathi kubumba kanjani imibono yethu ngomhlaba kanye nathi ngokwethu. Ngokuhlaziya ingxoxo, singaveza izindlela imibhalo nezingxoxo ezisetshenziswa ngazo ukudala, ukugcina, kanye nokushintsha izakhiwo zamandla kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Lokhu kusenza sikwazi ukugxeka kakhulu ulwazi esilutholayo futhi sithathe isinyathelo sokwakha iqiniso lomphakathi elinobulungiswa futhi elilinganayo.
Lokhu kuqonda kusinika amandla okuba ngaphezu kwabathengi abangenzi lutho beqiniso lezenhlalo, kodwa futhi sibe amanxusa asebenzayo oshintsho. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kanye nokwakhiwa kweqiniso kwezenhlalo kubalulekile hhayi kuphela kubafundisi nabacwaningi, kodwa nakuwo wonke umuntu okhathalela ubulungiswa bezenhlalo kanye noshintsho oluhle emphakathini.
