I-Anthropology Yezepolitiki kanye Nesakhiwo Samandla
I-anthropology yezombusazwe iyigatsha le-anthropology elifunda izici zezepolitiki zokuphila kwabantu emiphakathini eyahlukene. Ukugxila okuyinhloko kwe-anthropology yezombusazwe ukuthi amandla atholakala kanjani, asetshenziswa kanjani, futhi agcinwa kanjani ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zamasiko nezenhlalo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola imiqondo eyinhloko ye-anthropology yezombusazwe kanye nezakhiwo zamandla, nokuthi lo mkhakha unikeza kanjani ukuqonda okuyingqayizivele ngobudlelwano phakathi kwamandla nomphakathi.
Isingeniso ku-Anthropology Yezepolitiki
I-anthropology yezombusazwe yaqala ukuthuthuka njengomkhakha ohlukile ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Izazi ze-anthropology zaqala ukuqaphela ukuthi ubukhulu bezombusazwe namandla kwakubalulekile ekuqondeni umphakathi wesintu uwonke. Omunye wabasunguli kulo mkhakha kwakunguMax Gluckmann, owagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlaziya amaphethini ezingxabano nokuxazulula izingxabano emiphakathini.
I-anthropology yezombusazwe ayihloli nje kuphela izikhungo ezisemthethweni njengezifundazwe, amaqembu ezepolitiki, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, kodwa futhi nezakhiwo zamandla ngaphakathi kwemiphakathi emincane, amaqembu ezinhlanga, imindeni, kanye nabantu bomdabu. Lokhu kuvumela izazi ze-anthropology ukuqonda izindlela ezahlukahlukene amandla negunya ezihlelwe ngazo.
Imibono ku-Anthropology Yezepolitiki
Kunemibono eminingana ebalulekile ku-anthropology yezepolitiki esiza ukuchaza ukuthi amandla asebenza kanjani emphakathini:
1. Ithiyori Yokwakheka Nokusebenza Kwesakhiwo:
Lo mbono, owathandwa kakhulu nguTalcott Parsons no-A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, uthi imiphakathi iyizinhlelo ezihlelekile lapho ingxenye ngayinye inomsebenzi othile. Esimweni sezepolitiki, izikhungo ezifana nohulumeni kuthiwa zisebenza ukugcina ibhalansi nokuzinza emphakathini.
2. Ithiyori Yokungqubuzana:
Ithiyori yezingxabano, ehlotshaniswa noKarl Marx noMax Gluckmann, ibheka amandla njengomphumela wezingxabano kanye nomzabalazo phakathi kwamaqembu ancintisanayo. Amandla avame ukubhekwa njengethuluzi lokucindezela amaqembu angenamandla kangako.
3. Ithiyori Yesikhungo:
Muva nje, inkolelo-mbono ye-ejensi, ethonywe ngu-Anthony Giddens noPierre Bourdieu, igcizelele ukubaluleka kwabantu ngabanye namaqembu amancane ekwakheni nasekushintsheni izakhiwo zamandla. Le nkolelo-mbono iyaqaphela ukuthi abantu ngabanye namaqembu banamandla okusebenza ngokuzimela, ngisho nangaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezibonakala ziqinile.
4. Ithiyori Yangemva Kobukoloniyali:
Ithiyori yangemva kobukoloni, emelelwe osongqondongqondo abanjengo-Edward Said noGayatri Chakravorty Spivak, iqokomisa indlela izakhiwo zamandla omhlaba wonke ezithonywa ngayo umlando wobukoloni kanye nobukoloni. Le thiyori igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda ukuthi ubudlelwano bamandla ezimweni zobukoloni kanye nezangemva kobukoloni buthinta kanjani imiphakathi kanye nobuntu bamasiko.
Isakhiwo Samandla Emphakathini
Izakhiwo zamandla emiphakathini zingahluka kakhulu kuye ngezimo zamasiko, ezenhlalo, kanye nezomlando. Nazi ezinye izinhlobo zezakhiwo zamandla ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo ku-anthropology yezepolitiki:
1. Amandla Endabuko:
Amandla endabuko avame ukusekelwe emasikweni, emagugu amasiko, kanye nokufaneleka kwefa. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi amandla amakhosi noma amakhosi ezizwe emiphakathini yendabuko. Ezinhlakeni zamandla zendabuko, igunya livame ukutholwa njengefa futhi libuswa yizimiso zamasiko eziqinile.
2. Amandla Obukhazikhazi:
Amandla e-charismatic avela ezimfanelweni noma emakhonweni omuntu abhekwa njengangavamile ngabalandeli bakhe. UMax Weber uhlonze amandla e-charismatic njengenye yezinhlobo ezintathu zegunya (kanye nokunengqondo-ngokomthetho kanye nendabuko). Abantu abafana nabaholi benkolo, abavukeli bezinguquko, noma abaholi bezombusazwe abahlonishwayo bangathola amandla ngokusebenzisa amandla abo e-charisma.
3. Amandla Ezomthetho Nawokucabanga:
Amandla angokomthetho anengqondo asekelwe ohlelweni lwemithetho nemithetho oluqashelwa ngokusemthethweni. Lesi sakhiwo samandla sivame ukutholakala emiphakathini yanamuhla, lapho amandla egunyazwa khona ngemithethosisekelo nemithetho. Izikhungo ezifana nohulumeni, izinkantolo, kanye nezishayamthetho ziyizibonelo zezakhiwo zamandla angokomthetho anengqondo.
4. Amandla Ezomnotho:
Amandla ezomnotho ahlobene nokulawula izinsizakusebenza zezomnotho, njengomhlaba, imali kanye nabasebenzi. Emiphakathini eminingi, izakhiwo zesigaba sezenhlalo zingathonya ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla ezomnotho. Isibonelo yi-capitalism, lapho abanikazi bezimali benamandla amakhulu ekunqumeni inqubomgomo yezomnotho neyezepolitiki.
5. Amandla Ezepolitiki:
Amandla ezepolitiki abhekisela ekhonweni lokuthola, ukuthonya, nokusebenzisa igunya ngaphakathi kukahulumeni noma kwesinye isikhungo sezepolitiki. Izakhiwo zamandla ezepolitiki zingafaka amaqembu ezepolitiki, izishayamthetho, kanye nabaphathi bakahulumeni.
Izifundo Zezimo Eziphathelene Ne-Anthropology Yezepolitiki
Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi izakhiwo zamandla zisebenza kanjani emiphakathini ehlukene, nansi eminye yezifundo ezibalulekile ku-anthropology yezepolitiki:
1. Abantu base-Acehnese e-Indonesia:
Izifundo zomphakathi wase-Acehnese zibonisa ukuthi amandla endabuko nawesimanje angahlangana kanjani. E-Aceh, uhlelo lwamandla olujwayelekile olubizwa ngokuthi "nanggroe" lukhona kanye nohulumeni wanamuhla. Abaholi bendabuko (ama-ulama) nabaholi bezombusazwe abasemthethweni bavame ukusebenzisana ukuze baphathe futhi balawule umphakathi.
2. Uhlelo Lwezinhlanga eMpumalanga Afrika:
Imiphakathi eminingi yaseMpumalanga Afrika, njengamaMaasai, inesakhiwo samandla esisekelwe ezizweni. Amakhosi ezizweni anegunya elikhulu futhi anesibopho sokwabiwa kwezinsiza kanye nokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamalungu ezizweni. Lesi sakhiwo siveza uhlobo lwamandla endabuko olubalulekile empilweni yansuku zonke.
3. Uhulumeni Wedolobhana eMexico:
Emadolobheni amaningi aseMexico, uhulumeni wendawo uhlelwa ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi “usos y costumbres” (amasiko namasiko). Lolu hlelo luvumela abantu bendawo ukuthi bakhethe abaholi babo ngokusekelwe ekuvumelaneni kwendawo namasiko, okuvame ukuhluka esakhiweni sikahulumeni kazwelonke.
Isiphetho
I-anthropology yezombusazwe isenza siqonde ubunzima bamandla ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zamasiko nezenhlalo. Ngokuhlola imibono nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zamandla, izazi ze-anthropology zingasiza ekwembuleni izindlela imiphakathi ehlukene ehlela ngazo izimpilo zayo zezepolitiki. Izakhiwo zamandla—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zendabuko, ezikhangayo, ezingokomthetho nezinengqondo, ezomnotho, noma ezepolitiki—zibonisa ukuthi ayikho indlela eyodwa, yendawo yonke yokuqonda amandla. Ngezifundo zamacala ezivela emhlabeni wonke, i-anthropology yezombusazwe iyaqhubeka nokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi amandla asebenza kanjani empilweni yomuntu.
Ngakho-ke, i-anthropology yezombusazwe inikeza umbono ocebile nohlukahlukene wokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amaqembu, nezikhungo ngaphakathi kwezimo zamandla ezahlukahlukene. Kuyinsimu eqhubeka nokuguquka futhi ehlala ibalulekile ezweni elishintshayo, esinikeza amathuluzi okuhlaziya abalulekile okuqonda nokubhekana nezinselele zezepolitiki zanamuhla.
