Mefuta ea Mehloli ea Fluoride ea Tlhaho
Fluoride (fluoride ka sebopeho sa eona sa ionic) ke karolo ea lik'hemik'hale e teng ka tlhaho tikolohong. Ka tekanyo e nyane, fluoride hangata e amahanngoa le melemo bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba meno hobane e ka thusa ho matlafatsa enamel le ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho bola ha meno. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka liminerale tse ling tse ngata, fluoride le eona e na le "moeli o sireletsehileng": ho pepesehela meno ka nako e telele ho ka eketsa kotsi ea fluorosis ea meno ( matheba a masoeu ho isa ho a sootho menong ) kapa, maemong a holimo le a malelele, fluorosis ea masapo. Ka hona, ho utloisisa mehloli ea fluoride ea tlhaho ho bohlokoa, ho eketsa melemo ea eona le ho qoba ho pepesehela meno ho feta tekano.
Tse latelang ke mefuta e tloaelehileng haholo ea mehloli ea tlhaho ea fluoride, e felletseng ka litlhaloso tsa hore na fluoride e ka kena joang metsing, lijong le tikolohong.
1. Metsi a ka tlase ho lefatshe (liliba) le metsi a tswang ka hara lefatshe
Mohlodi wa tlhaho o bohlokwa ka ho fetisisa wa fluoride dibakeng tse ngata ke metsi a ka tlase ho lefatshe. Ha metsi a ntse a phunyeletsa mobung le majweng, ho qhibiliha ha diminerale (leaching) ho ka lokolla di-ion tsa fluoride ka metsing. Maemo a fluoride metsing a ka tlase ho lefatshe a susumetswa haholo ke:
– Mofuta oa majoe le liminerale tseo metsi a fetang ho tsona (mohlala, majoe a nang le liminerale tse ngata tsa fluorine).
– Bolelele ba ho kopana ha metsi le mafika: ha metsi a ntse a bolokoa nako e telele ka hara aquifer, monyetla oa hore liminerale li qhibilihe o eketseha.
– pH le mocheso: maemo a itseng a lik'hemik'hale a ka eketsa ho qhibiliha ha liminerale tsa fluoride.
– Botebo ba seliba: libakeng tse ling, liliba tse tebileng li ka ba le maemo a holimo a fluoride.
Libakeng tse itseng—haholo-holo libakeng tse omeletseng kapa tse omeletseng hanyane—boholo ba fluoride metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše bo ka eketseha ka lebaka la mouoane o phahameng le ho qhibiliha ho fokolang ke metsi a pula.
2. Metsi a ka holimo: linoka, matša le matamo a ho sesa
Ntle le metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše, fluoride e ka boela ea fumanoa metsing a ka holimo joalo ka linoka, matša, kapa matamo a metsi. Mehloli ea fluoride metsing a ka holimo hangata e tsoa ho:
– Ho phalla ho tswang mobung le majweng a nang le fluorine.
– Ho kenngwa ha metsi ho tswang didibeng tse tlisang fluoride ho tswa metsing a metsi ho ya hodima metsi.
– Marotholi a ka sebelisanang le metsi mme a ntsha fluoride tlasa maemo a itseng.
Ka kakaretso, maemo a fluoride metsing a ka holim'a metsi a tlase ho feta a ka tlas'a lefatše hobane metsi a ka holim'a metsi a tsoakoa habonolo le ho hlapolloa. Leha ho le joalo, libakeng tse nang le jeoloji e itseng kapa matšeng a koetsoeng (phallo e fokolang), mahloriso a ntse a ka eketseha.
3. Liminerale le majoe a nang le fluorine
Fluorine e bolokoa haholo dimineraleng tsa tlhaho. Ha diminerale tsena di fetoha, fluorine e ka lokollwa mobung le metsing. Diminerale tse tlwaelehileng tse nang le fluoride di kenyeletsa:
– Fluorite (CaF₂): e 'ngoe ea liminerale tse tsebahalang haholo tsa fluorine, hangata e leng seabo se seholo sa fluoride metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše.
– Apatite (sehlopha sa diminerale tsa phosphate): e ka ba le fluorine (fluoroapatite) mme e bapala karolo potolohong ya fluorine mobung.
– Li-micas le li-amphibole tse itseng: mefuta e meng ea majoe a igneous/metamorphic e ka ba le fluorine ka bongata bo fapaneng.
– Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆): ha e atile haholo, empa e na le nalane e le minerale ea bohlokoa e nang le fluorine.
Libaka tse nang le mafika a seretse se chesang, granite, kapa liminerale tse itseng ka linako tse ling li na le monyetla o moholo oa fluoride ea tlhaho.
4. Mobu le seretse
Mobu o sebetsa e le "mokena-lipakeng" oa mantlha pakeng tsa majoe le lintho tse phelang. Fluoride e tsoang ho mineral weathering e ka bokellana mobung, ebe:
– e monngoa ke limela,
– e isoa metsing a phallang ho ea metsing,
– kapa qhibiliha metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše.
Sekhahla sa fluoride mobung se fapana haholo ho latela thepa e tswang ho sona, boemo ba lehodimo, le mosebetsi wa geochemical wa sebakeng seo. Mobu o entsweng ka majwe a nang le fluoride o atisa ho hlahisa dimela tse nang le fluoride e ngata, le hoja bokgoni ba ho monya ba mofuta o mong le o mong wa semela bo fapana.
5. Limela tse itseng le lihlahisoa tsa limela
Limela li ka monya fluoride mobung le metsing, leha limela tse ngata li sa bokelle bongata bo boholo. Leha ho le joalo, lihlahisoa tse ling tsa limela li tsebahala ka ho ba le maemo a holimo a fluoride, joalo ka:
– Tee (Camellia sinensis): Makhasi a tee a ka bokella fluoride mobung, e leng se etsang hore tee e ritetsoeng e be mohloli oa tlhaho oa bohlokoa oa fluoride o sebelisoang letsatsi le letsatsi. Dikahare di ka fapana ho latela tšimoloho ea lekhasi, lilemo (makhasi a khale a atisa ho ba le maemo a holimo), le mokhoa oa ho ritela.
– Meroho le di-tuber tse ding: ka kakaretso dikahare di nyane, empa di ka eketseha haeba di lengwa mobung o nang le fluorine e ngata kapa ho sebediswa metsi a mangata a nosetso ya fluorine.
– Lihlahisoa tse sebetsitsoeng tse thehiloeng limela: fluoride e ka "latela" thepa e tala le metsi a sebelisoang ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso.
Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela: ho noa tee ha se ntho e "mpe" ka bohona, empa ho noa ho feteletseng—haholo-holo haeba mohloli oa metsi le oona o na le fluoride e ngata—ho ka eketsa tekanyo ea ho noa.
6. Lijo tsa liphoofolo le tsa leoatleng
Fluoride e boetse e kena ka har'a ketane ea lijo ka metsi le lijo. Lijong tsa liphoofolo, maemo a fluoride aa fapana, 'me hangata a phahame libakeng tse itseng:
– Litlhapi le lijo tsa leoatleng: Tikoloho ea leoatle e na le liminerale tse qhibilihisitsoeng, 'me lintho tse ling tse phelang metsing li ka ba le maemo a holimo a fluoride. Litlhaping, maemo a fluoride a atisa ho ba holimo masapong le letlalong ho feta nameng.
– Lihlahisoa tsa liphoofolo (nama, lebese, mahe): ka kakaretso li na le fluoride ka bongata bo bonyenyane, empa li ka angoa ke maemo a fluoride metsing a nooang a liphoofolo, lijong le maemong a tikoloho.
Metseng e meng e lebopong la leoatle, ho ja lijo tse ngata tsa leoatleng ho ka baka ho ja fluoride ea tlhaho, leha hangata e se eona feela ntlha e ka sehloohong.
7. Matsoai le diminerale tsa tlhaho (ho itshetlehile ka mohlodi)
Letswai la tafole haholo-holo ke sodium chloride, empa letsoai le tsoang merafong kapa mouoane oa metsi a leoatle le ka ba le mesaletsa e menyenyane ea liminerale tse ling, ho kenyeletsoa le fluoride, ho latela litšobotsi tsa depositi. Ntle le letsoai, mehloli e meng ea liminerale tsa tlhaho, joalo ka metsi a liminerale kapa mafika a itseng a sedimentary, le eona e ka ba le fluoride e fapaneng.
Ho bohlokoa ho khetholla pakeng tsa fluoride e hlahang ka tlhaho, e simolohang ho tsoa ho depositi ea geoloji, le fluoride e ekelitsoeng (mohlala, ka ho tiisa kapa ho eketsa fluoride). Sengoloa sena se shebane le mehloli ea tlhaho, empa ts'ebetsong ea letsatsi le letsatsi, tse peli li ka kopana ho kenya letsoho ho pepesehelang ka botlalo.
8. Mesebetsi ea mocheso oa lefatše le libaka tsa seretse se chesang
Libaka tse nang le ts'ebetso ea mocheso oa lefatše—joalo ka liliba tse chesang—hangata li na le k'hemistri e ikhethang ea metsi, ho kenyeletsoa le fluoride e ka bang teng e ngata. Lebaka ke hobane:
– metsi a chesang a qhala diminerale ka katleho e kholoanyane,
– ho na le tšebelisano e matla pakeng tsa metsi le mafika tsamaisong ea hydrothermal,
– hammoho le boteng ba ditharollo tsa khase le diminerale tse tswang botebong ba lefatshe.
Batho ba sebelisang liliba tse chesang e le mohloli oa metsi (mohlala, bakeng sa ho hlapa kapa esita le ho noa) ba lokela ho ela hloko boleng ba lik'hemik'hale tsa metsi, ho kenyeletsoa le maemo a fluoride.
9. Lerōle la tlhaho le li-aerosol tsa leoatleng
Ka tekanyo e nyane empa e ntse e le ea bohlokoa, fluoride e ka tsamaea ka har'a likaroloana tse nyane:
– Lerōle la mobu libakeng tse omileng le ka jara liminerale tsa fluoride 'me la hema kapa la lahleloa holim'a limela.
– Metsi a lewatle (metsi a lewatle a phatlohang ka dikarolwana) a ka dula dibakeng tse lebopong la lewatle, a kenya letsoho diminerale tse nyane tse qhibilihisitsweng tikolohong e potolohileng.
Monehelo oa tsela ena hangata o monyane ho feta oa metsi a nooang, empa o ka bapala karolo libakeng tse itseng le ho pepesehelang metsi ka bongata.
Ke hobane'ng ha ho le bohlokoa ho tseba mehloli ea fluoride ea tlhaho?
Hangata motho o noa fluoride ka botlalo, e leng motsoako oa metsi a nooang, lijo/lino le mekhoa ea letsatsi le letsatsi. Ha mohloli o mong—haholo-holo metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše—o na le maemo a phahameng a fluoride, ho pepesehela metsi ho ka eketseha ho sa hlokomeloe. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, haeba maemo a le tlase haholo, melemo ea tšireletso khahlanong le ho bola ha meno e kanna ea se be ntle ka ho fetisisa (le hoja bophelo bo botle ba meno bo ntse bo susumetsoa haholo ke bohloeki ba molomo, ho noa tsoekere le phihlello ea tlhokomelo).
Mehato e sebetsang eo hangata e sisintsweng ke ena:
1. Hlahloba boleng ba metsi (haholo-holo metsi a seliba) ka liteko tsa laboratori, ho kenyeletsoa le litekanyo tsa fluoride.
2. Lekola mehloli ea tšebeliso: hore na u noa tee e ngata, u sebelisa metsi a seliba bakeng sa ho pheha, kapa u lula sebakeng se nang le mocheso o feteletseng.
3. Laola ho pepesehela metsi haeba ho hlokahala, mohlala ka ho kgetha mehlodi e meng ya metsi kapa ho kenya tshebetsong kalafo e nepahetseng ya metsi (ho itshetlehile ka maemo a sebaka seo).
Ho koala
Mehloli ea tlhaho ea fluoride e fapane, empa mehloli ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi hangata e tsoa metsing, haholo-holo metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše, le lijo le lino tse itseng, tse kang tee le lijo tsa leoatleng. Mabaka a jeoloji, boemo ba leholimo le mekhoa ea ho sebelisa li baka hore ho pepesehela fluoride ho fapane pakeng tsa libaka le batho ka bomong. Ka ho utloisisa mehloli e fapaneng ea fluoride ea tlhaho, re ka etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo e batsi mabapi le metsi a nooang, lijo le boiteko ba ho boloka bophelo bo botle ba meno le ka kakaretso .
Haeba o rata, nka fetola sengoloa sena ho latela moelelo oa Indonesia—mohlala, ka ho eketsa mehlala ea libaka tse nang le fluoride e ngata, mokhoa oa ho leka metsi a seliba, kapa likhothaletso tsa meeli e sireletsehileng e thehiloeng litekanyetsong tse sebelisoang hangata.
