Munda wemagetsi

Chinyorwa pamusoro pemunda weMagetsi

Panyaya yekuchaja kwemagetsi, zvakadzidzwa kuti semachaji anodzingana, asi kusiyana nemachaji kunokwezvana. Kana chinhu chakasimba chakaswededzwa pedyo nechinhu chakasimba, zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinobatana kuitira kuti zvienderane. Kusiyana neizvi, kana chinhu chakasimba chakaswededzwa pedyo nechinhu chakasimba, zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinodzingana kuitira kuti zvibve pane chimwe nechimwe. Sezvakadzidzwa panyaya yemutemo waCoulomb, zvinhu zvakasimba zvinogona kukurumidzisa zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba nekuti pane simba remagetsi rinoshanda pakati pezvinhu izvi zvakasimba. Simba remagetsi rinoitwa nechinhu chakasimba pane zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba ndeimwe muenzaniso wesimba rinogona kushanda pasina kusangana. Mumwe muenzaniso wesimba rinogona kushanda pane mufambo ndiro simba regiravhitiSimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinoitwa nechinhu chine huremu pane zvimwe zvinhu zvine huremu.

Simba rekukakavadzana, simba rekusundidzira, simba rakajairika mienzaniso yemasimba ari nyore kunzwisisa nekuti masimba aya anoshanda kana paine kubatana. Kusiyana neizvi, simba remagetsi muenzaniso wesimba rakaoma kunzwisisa nekuti simba iri rinogona kushanda kubva kure pasina kubata. Kuti tinzwisise simba remagetsi rinogona kushanda kubva kure, pfungwa yesimba remagetsi inoonekwa. Pfungwa yesimba remagetsi yakagadzirwa nesainzi wekuBritain Michael Faraday (1791-1867).

Tsanangudzo yemunda wemagetsi (E)

Ngatitii girazi pakutanga raive risina simba remagetsi. Mushure mekukweshwa nejira, tsvimbo yegirazi inochajwa nemagetsi. Kana tsvimbo yegirazi yachajwa nemagetsi, panguva imwe chete, simba remagetsi rinoonekwa rakatenderedza girazi. Kana girazi rikaita serisina simba, panguva imwe chete simba remagetsi rinonyangarika. Saka, kuvapo kweE hakugone kuparadzaniswa nekuvapo kwechajwa yemagetsi. E haisi mhando yezvinhu zvakaita semhepo uye haisi mhando yemafungu, semafungu emagetsi. E chimwe chinhu chinokonzerwa nechajwa yemagetsi uye chinokanganisa nzvimbo yakatenderedza chajwa yemagetsi, uko mamwe machajwa emagetsi anongonzwa simba reE.

Kuti tione kana mukamuri mune E, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mune muripo wekuyedza munzvimbo iyoyo. Muripo wekuyedza imuripo wepasi (Q) kuitira kuti chaji ibudise munda wemagetsi mudiki, saka inogona kuregeredzwa. Zvisinei, chaji yekuedza inogona kunzwa simba remunda wemagetsi unogadzirwa nemamwe machaji emagetsi. Chaji yekuedza inongopihwa chete kuti iongorore kana paine E. Kana paine E munzvimbo yacho,

Chaji yekuedza inofanira kusangana nesimba remagetsi, nepo kana pasina E, chaji yekuedza haisangani nesimba remagetsi.

Tarisa mufananidzo uri padivi.

Mumufananidzo 1, muripo +q₁ uye muripo +q₂ buritsa E munzvimbo yakapoteredza. Kana muripo wekuyedza +q_o inoiswa panzvimbo iri munzvimbo, muripo wekuyedza +q_o inosangana nesimba remagetsi. F₁ isimba remagetsi rinoitwa nechaji +q₁ pamutengo wekuyedza +q_o,uye f₂ isimba remagetsi rinoitwa nechaji +q₂ pamutengo wekuyedza +q_oMuMufananidzo 2, kana muripo wekuyedza wabviswa, E inoramba iripo uye hainyangarike kubva ipapo.₁ isimba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nechaji yemagetsi +q₁, uye E₂ iE inogadzirwa nemagetsi +q₂.

Hukuru hwemunda wemagetsi

E inhamba yevector, uko simba remagetsi rine hukuru uye gwara. Hukuru hweE hunowanzo kunzi simba reE. Simba reE pane imwe nzvimbo rinotsanangurwa sesimba remagetsi rinoitwa nechaji yemagetsi pane chaji yakanaka yekuedza yakaiswa panzvimbo iyoyo, yakakamurwa nehukuru hwechaji yekuedza.

E = simba remagetsi

F = simba remagetsi

q = muripo wekuyedza

Chikamu chesimba remagetsi ndiNewton, uye chikamu chechaji yemagetsi ndiCoulomb saka chikamu cheE ndiNewton / Coulomb, chakapfupikiswa seN/C.

Kutungamira kwemunda wemagetsi

MuMufananidzo 1a, chaji yemagetsi yakanaka (+Q) inoshandisa simba remagetsi pachaji yekuedza yakanaka (+q), uko kutungamira kwesimba remagetsi (F) kuri kure nechaji ye+Q.

MuMufananidzo 1b, kana muripo wekuyedza wabviswa, panzvimbo iyi pane munda wemagetsi (E) une gwara riri kure nemuripo wemagetsi Q.

MuMufananidzo 2a, chaji yemagetsi isina kunaka (-Q) inoshandisa simba remagetsi muchaji yekuedza yakanaka (+q), uko gwara resimba remagetsi (F) rinosvika pachaji -Q.

MuMufananidzo 2b, kana muripo wekuyedza wabviswa, panzvimbo iyi pane munda wemagetsi (E) une gwara riri pedyo nemuripo wemagetsi -Q.

Zvichibva pamufananidzo netsananguro iri pamusoro apa, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti divi remagetsi riri kure nechaji yemagetsi yakanaka uye riri pedyo nechaji yemagetsi isina kunaka.

Magetsi emagetsi mitsara

Iyo E inogadzirwa ne electric charge uye inokanganisa nzvimbo yakatenderedza chaji yemagetsi, uko simba reE rinongonzwikwa chete nemamwe magetsi emagetsi. Kana imwe chaji yemagetsi iri muE inogadzirwa nechaji yemagetsi, imwe chaji yemagetsi inonzwa simba remagetsi.

Kunzwisisa munda wemagetsi uri pamusoro apa, sezvakatsanangurwa munyaya nezve E, kunogona kuonekwa nepfungwa asi kunogona kungofungidzirwa mupfungwa chete. Kuti ufungidzire E, mitsetse yemagetsi inounzwa. Mitsetse yemagetsi imutsara wakadhirowewa wakatenderedza chaji yemagetsi kuratidza kuvapo kwemunda wemagetsi. Nekuti chinangwa chayo ndechekuratidza kuvapo kweE, pane hukama pakati pemitsetse iyi neE. Nemamwe mashoko, hukuru negwara reE zvinogona kutsanangurwa nekudhirowa mitsetse yemagetsi.

Zvinotevera ndizvo hukama huripo pakati pegwara uye simba remagetsi netambo dzemagetsi:

Kutanga, divi reE rinoenda kure nechaji yakanaka uye rinosvika kune negative charge. Saka, divi remagetsi emagetsi riri kure nechaji yakanaka uye rinosvika kune negative charge.

Kana chaji yakanaka iri pedyo nechaji isina kunaka, mitsetse yemagetsi inotorwa kubva pachaji yakanaka kuenda kune chaji isina kunaka. Kusiyana neizvi, kana chaji yakanaka iri pedyo nechaji yakanaka, mitsetse yemagetsi inotorwa kubva pachaji yega yega isina kunaka uye iri kure neyayo.

Chechipiri, simba remagetsi rinomiririrwa nedaro riri pakati pemitsara yemagetsi. Kana daro riri pakati pemitsara yemagetsi riri pedyo, simba remagetsi riri pamusoro uye daro riri pakati pemitsara yemagetsi riri kure, simba remagetsi riri pasi.

Sei, kana daro riri pakati pemitsara iri pedyo, simba remagetsi rinokwira? Kuti unzwisise izvi, tarisa tsananguro inotevera. Ngatitii chaji yakanaka iri pakati pebhora uye tambo dzemagetsi dzinopararira munzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuburikidza nepamusoro pebhora. Kana nhamba yetambo dzemagetsi dziri N uye nzvimbo yepamusoro yebhora iri 4πr², ipapo nhamba yemitsara pachikamu chimwe nechimwe kana huwandu hwemitsara iN / 4πr²Zvichibva pafomura iyi, kune N imwecheteyo, kana r ikava diki, daro riri pakati pemitsara rinoswedera pedyo uye kana r ikava yakakosha daro riri pakati pemitsara rinoenda kure.

Fomura yesimba remagetsi E = kq / r² zvinoratidzawo kuti simba remagetsi rinoenderana nechikamu chedaro. Kana r iri diki, simba remagetsi rinowedzera kuoneka, uye kana r ikawedzera kuoneka, simba remagetsi rinowedzera kuoneka.

Zvichibva paongororo iri pamusoro apa, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti kana r iri kuderera (ichiswedera pedyo nechaji) simba remagetsi riri kukura uye daro riri pakati pemitsara riri kuswederawo pedyo. Kusiyana neizvi, kana r ikanyanya kuoneka (kure nechaji), simba remagetsi rinowedzera kuderera uye daro riri pakati pemitsara riri kurewo.

Chechitatu, huwandu hwemitsara yeE hunoenderana nesimba remagetsi. Mitsetse yemagetsi yakawanda, simba remagetsi rinokwira. Mitsetse yemagetsi mishoma, simba remagetsi rinoderera.