Tsananguro NezveMaerekitironi nemaProtoni
Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvinoumba zvinhu ndicho chinhu chikuru mune zvesainzi yemazuva ano. Pakati pedzidziso yemaatomu pane maerekitironi nemapurotoni, zvinhu zvinoumba maitiro uye hunhu hwemaatomu. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa hunhu, hunhu, uye kukosha kwemaerekitironi nemapurotoni, zvichiratidza kutamba kwakaomarara kunoitika munzvimbo yezvikamu zveatomu.
Kuwanikwa kweMaerekitironi nemaProtoni
Maerekitironi
Maerekitironi akatanga kuzivikanwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi yekuBritain JJ Thomson muna 1897. Kuedza kwaThomson nemwaranzi ye cathode kwakaratidza kuvapo kwezvikamu zvidiki zvikuru zvemaatomu zvine charge isina kunaka. Kuwanikwa kwake kwakaratidza shanduko huru mukunzwisisa maumbirwo eatomu, zvichikonzera kukura kwemuenzaniso wemaerekitironi uko maerekitironi anotenderera nucleus, akafanana nemapuraneti akatenderedza nyeredzi.
Proton
Panguva iyi, mapurotoni akazowanikwa naErnest Rutherford muna 1917 kuburikidza nebasa rake re alpha particles. Achicherechedza maitiro ezvimedu izvi pazvaisvika pachinangwa chaicho, Rutherford akagumisa kuti maatomu anofanira kunge aine dense, positive charge core. Nucleus iyi yakawanikwa ichiumbwa nemaprotoni, rimwe nerimwe riine positive charge inorwisa negative charge yemaerekitironi.
Zvimiro Zvikuru zveMaerekitironi
Maerekitironi zvimedu zvepasi reatomu zvine huremu hweinenge 9.109 x 10^-31 kg, inova huremu hweproton hunosvika 1/1836. Ane charge ye 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs. Maerekitironi anowanikwa munzvimbo dzakatenderedza nucleus dzinozivikanwa se electron clouds kana orbitals, uko anowanikwa mumazinga esimba zvichienderana nemisimboti ye quantum mechanics.
Kugadzika kweElectron uye Quantum Mechanics
Quantum mechanics yakachinja kunzwisisa maitiro emaerekitironi, ichiunza pfungwa yehuwandu hwemaerekitironi panzvimbo pema "fixed orbits". Maerekitironi anogara muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvesimba kana ma "shells", akanyorwa seK, L, M, nezvimwewo, nedaro rinowedzera kubva kunucleus. Kurongeka kwemaerekitironi mu "shells" idzi ne "subshells" (s, p, d, f) kunosarudza hunhu hwemakemikari eatomu.
Maerekitironi anoratidza hunhu hwakafanana nehwemasaisai uye hwemafungu, sezvakatsanangurwa nepfungwa ya de Broglie uye zvinoratidzwa nezviitiko zvakaita se electron diffraction. Hunhu uhwu huviri hwakakosha pamaitiro emaerekitironi mumaatomu nemamorekuru, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwemakemikoro, kunyudzwa nekuburitswa kwechiedza, uye kumwe kudyidzana kwemaatomu.
Hunhu Hunokosha hweMapurotoni
Mapurotoni zvimedu zveatomu zvinowanikwa munucleus yeatomu, zvine huremu hunosvika 1.673 x 10^-27 kg, huremu hunosvika 1836 kupfuura hwemaerekitironi. Proton yega yega ine chaji yakanaka ye1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs, ichienzanisa chaji yeerekitironi asi ine polarity yakapesana.
Huwandu hwemapurotoni ari munucleus, inozivikanwa senhamba yeatomu (Z), hunotsanangura chinhu chacho. Semuenzaniso, hydrogen ine protoni imwe chete, zvichiita kuti atomu yayo ive nhamba 1, nepo kabhoni ine mapurotoni matanhatu, anoenderana nenhamba yeatomu ye6. Nhamba iyi yeatomu inotsanangura kuzivikanwa kwechinhu chacho nenzvimbo yacho patafura yeperiodic.
Simba Rakasimba reNyukireya
Mapurotoni anosunganidzwa pamwe chete munucleus nesimba renyukireya rakasimba, rimwe remasimba mana makuru aripo. Pasinei nekuchaja kwawo kwakanaka, uko kunokonzera kudzongonyedzwa kwemagetsi pakati pawo, simba renyukireya rakasimba rine simba rakakwana rekubata mapurotoni pamwe chete nemautron, zvichigadzira nuclei dzakagadzikana. Simba iri rinoshanda padanho diki kwazvo, rakaenzana nehukuru hwenuclei dzeatomu.
Kudyidzana kwemaerekitironi nemapurotoni
Kugadzikana kweAtomu
Kugadzikana kweatomu kuenzana kwakanaka pakati pesimba rinokwezva rinoitwa nemaprotoni uye kudyidzana kwemaerekitironi kunosemesa. Nucleus, ine mapurotoni (uye kazhinji manyutroni), inokwezva maerekitironi akaipoteredza, ichiabata mumitsetse yawo. Kukwezvana uku kwemagetsi kwakakosha kuti atomu igadzikane.
Kana atomu iine nhamba yakaenzana yemapurotoni nemaerekitironi, haipindiri mumagetsi. Zvisinei, kana maerekitironi akawanikwa kana kurasika, atomu inova ioni. Maion ane chaji yakanaka (cations) anoumbwa kana atomu yarasikirwa nemaerekitironi, nepo maion ane chaji yakaipa (anions) anoitika kana atomu yawana maerekitironi. Maion aya anoita basa rakakosha mukuita kwemakemikari uye kuumbwa kwemakomputa.
Chemical Kubatanidza
Kudyidzana pakati pemaerekitironi nemapurotoni ndiko kunokosha pakusungana kwemakemikari. Muzvisungo zvecovalent, maatomu anogovana maerekitironi maviri kuti awane marongerwo akagadzikana emaerekitironi, anowanzo fanana nemagasi akanaka. Semuenzaniso, mumorekuru wemvura (H2O), okisijeni inogovana maerekitironi nemaatomu maviri ehydrogen.
Muzvisungo zveionic, maatomu anotamisa maerekitironi kune mumwe nemumwe, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwemaion ane macharges akasiyana, ayo anokwezvana nemagetsi. Muenzaniso weizvi i sodium chloride (NaCl), apo sodium inorasikirwa neerekitironi kuti ive Na+ ion, uye chlorine inowana erekitironi kuti ive Cl-ion, zvichikonzera kugadzirwa kweionic lattice yakagadzikana.
Kukosha kwemaerekitironi nemapurotoni
MuKemistri
Maerekitironi nemapurotoni zvakakosha pakuita kwemakemikari uye kuumbwa kwemamorekuru. Anorayira kuti maatomu achabatana sei, achabatana sei, uye achachinja sei, achisimbisa maitiro kubva pakuita kwemakemikari kuri nyore kusvika panzira dzakaoma dzebiochemical. Tafura yeperiodic pachayo yakarongwa zvichibva pahunhu hwezvikamu izvi zvepasi, ichitungamira makhemisti mukufanotaura maitiro ezvinhu.
MuTekinoroji uye Mushonga
Kunzwisisa maerekitironi nemapurotoni kwakaita kuti pave nekufambira mberi kukuru kwetekinoroji. Maerekitironi anovimba nekuyerera kwemaerekitironi kunodzorwa, zvichigonesa kugadzirwa kwemakomputa, mafoni, uye zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvisingaverengeki. Mukurapa, matekiniki akadai seMRI anovimba nemaitiro emapurotoni mumuviri kuti abudise mifananidzo yemukati yakadzama, zvichichinja kugona kwekuongorora.
mhedziso
Maerekitironi nemapurotoni ndiwo musimboti wemaumbirwo nemaitiro eatomu. Kuwanikwa kwavo uye kunzwisisa kwavo hunhu hwavo kwakagadzira nzira yekufambira mberi mukemistri, fizikisi, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzesainzi. Nekuongorora kudyidzana uye hunhu hwezvikamu izvi zvepasi, masayendisiti anoramba achizarura zvakavanzika zvemuchadenga, achishandisa ruzivo rwavo kufambisa kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kudzamisa kunzwisisa kwedu nyika yechisikigo.
