Chinyorwa pamusoro peChaja yeMagetsi mumaatomu
Ndapota tarisa chimwe chezvinhu zvakakupoteredza. Kana ukaparadza chinhu, semuenzaniso, ibwe, dombo rinokamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Kana chikamu chedombo chikaparadzwazve, zvidimbu zvedombo zvinoshanduka kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Ko kana dombo rikaparadzwazve? Ehe, dombo diki. Matombo anogona kuparadzwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki kusvika zvisingaperi here? Chokwadi chinoratidza kuti chinhu chakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki chinosvika panzvimbo apo chikamu chidiki chechinhu hachigone kupatsanurwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Chikamu chidiki chechinhu chisingagone kupatsanurwa chinonzi atomu. Saka, maatomu chikamu chidiki pane zvese zviri muchadenga.
Maatomu anoumbwa nemaerekitironi, mapurotoni, uye manyuturoni. Mapurotoni nemanyuturoni zvinoumba atomu nuclei dzine hurefu hwemamita angangoita 10–15. Maerekitironi ari kunze kwenucleus uye anofamba-famba achitenderedza nucleus yeatomu semapuraneti anofamba-famba achitenderedza zuva. Kana zvikafungidzirwa kuti dhayamita yeatomu iri makiromita mashoma, saka atomu nuclei yakakura sebhiriyadhi bhora,
uye maerekitironi ari pakati penucleus uye anosvika chinhambwe chingangoita mamita 10 -10 kubva pakati pecore. Pakati pecore neerekitironi, pane nzvimbo.
Maerekitironi ane chaji isina kunaka ari pamucheto wemaatomu uye mapurotoni ane chaji isina kunaka ari munucleus yeatomu. Kuti maerekitironi arambe achitenderera nucleus uye asabude muatomu, nucleus yeatomu ine chaji isina kunaka inofanira kushandisa simba rinokwezva paerekitironi. Simba rinokwezva maerekitironi kuti agare akakomberedza nucleus uye risingakwanise kuparadzaniswa neatomu rinonzi simba remagetsi.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mukati menucleus yeatomu, mune mapurotoni ane charge yakanaka zvekuti mapurotoni anofanira kudzingana nekuda kwekuchaja kumwe chete. Kuti mapurotoni arambe ari pamwe chete munucleus uye asaparadzane neatomu, panofanira kunge paine simba rinobatanidza mapurotoni. Simba rinosunga mapurotoni kuti agare ari pamwe chete munucleus yeatomu rinonzi simba renyukireya.
Huremu hweproton hwakafanana nehuremu hweneutron. Inenge 99.9% yehuremu hweatomu iri pakati penucleus yeatomu, nepo maerekitironi aine huremu hudiki. Huremu hweerekitironi (me) = 9.1093897 x 10 -31 kg, huremu hweneutron (mn) = 1.6749286 x 10 -27 kg, huremu hwepurotoni (mp) = 1.6726231 x 10 -27 kg.
Huwandu hwemagetsi
Maerekitironi haana kunaka, mapurotoni akanaka, uye manyuturoni haana kwaakarerekera. Mapurotoni kana kuti manyuturoni anoumbwa nemaquark, ane ± 1/3 uye ± 2/3 yekuchaja kwemaerekitironi. Maquark ndiwo tumapundu tudiki tunoumba maatomu, asi kusvika pari zvino, maquark haasati awanikwa kuti amire ega setumapundu tumwechete.
Huwandu hwe electron charge kana proton charge ndiyo basic unit of charge. Electrical charge yechinhu i multiple ye electron charge kana proton charge. Izvi zvinonzi quantized charge. Semuenzaniso, kana chidimbu chidiki chemari yatinoshandisa chiri 1, saka huwandu hwemari yataurwa nemunhu mu multiples yemari diki i 1. Semuenzaniso, huwandu hwemari yangu i 2 ne 3.
Huwandu hwechaji ye electron ndi –e uye hukuru hwechaji yeproton ndi +e. Huwandu hwechaji yechinhu ihuwandu hwe e kana 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb uye hunogona kuratidzwa ne Q = ± Ne. Q = huwandu hwechaji, ± inomiririra rudzi rwechaji, N = integer, e = 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Chaja yemagetsi muzvinhu
Kana atomu iine maerekitironi akawanda seproton, zvinoreva kuti huwandu hwemagetsi muatomu izero, uye atomu iyi haina kusimba kana kuti haina kusimba. Huwandu hwemapurotoni kana maerekitironi muatomu isina kusimba hunonzi nhamba yeatomu (Z). Kana maerekitironi ari akawanda kupfuura proton, atomu inosimba negative. Kusiyana neizvi, kana maerekitironi ari pasi pemapurotoni, anosimba negative. Maatomu ane negative charge anonzi ma negative ions, nepo maatomu ane positive charge anonzi ma positive ions. Maitiro ekugamuchira kana kuburitsa maerekitironi kubva muatomu anonzi ionization. Patinoti, atomu inosimba, zvinoreva kuti net charge. Semuenzaniso, atomu ine maerekitironi gumi nemapurotoni manomwe. Atomu iyi inosimba negative nekuti ine maerekitironi matatu akawandisa. Saka, net charge yeatomu iyi i3, uye rudzi urwu rweatomu inosimba negative. Mifananidzo 3, 7, 10 inongova mienzaniso chete yekubatsira kunzwisisa. Muchokwadi, huwandu hwemagetsi echinhu ihuwandu hweelectron charge kana proton charge.
Kana chinhu chiine maerekitironi akawanda semapurotoni, zvinoreva kuti chinhu chacho hachina kusimba kana kuti hachina kusimba nemagetsi. Kana chinhu chiine maerekitironi akawanda kupfuura protoni, chinhu chacho chinochajwa negative, asi kana chinhu chiine maerekitironi mashoma pane protoni, chinhu chacho chinochajwa negative. Zvinhu zvainge zvisina kusimba pakutanga zvinogona kuchajwa negative nekuwedzera maerekitironi kuchinhu chacho. Zvikasadaro, zvinhu zvinogona kuchajwa negative nekuderedza maerekitironi ari muchinhu chacho.
