Basa reElectrolytes muKufambisa Magetsi Masero
Kufambisa magetsi chinhu chakakosha muhupenyu. Maitiro ese akakosha ehupenyu—kubva pakubata tsandanyama uye kutapurirana kwetsinga kusvika pakuburitswa kwemahormone—anoenderana nekukwanisa kwemasero kugadzira nekugadzirisa magetsi. Munyaya iyi, maelectrolyte anoita basa guru. Maelectrolyte zvinhu zvinopatsanurwa kuita maion ane chaji kana zvanyungudutswa mumvura, zvakaita sesodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), uye bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻). Maion aya ndiwo "anotakura chaji" makuru mumasisitimu ehupenyu, zvichiita kuti masero agadzire misiyano inogona kuitika uye aite zviratidzo zvemagetsi. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mashandiro anoita maelectrolyte mukufambisa magetsi mumasero, mashandiro anobatanidzwa, uye mhedzisiro yemuviri kana kuenzana kwawo kwakanganiswa.
Maelectrolyte seanotakura zvinotakura muzvinwiwa zvemuviri
Kusiyana netambo dzesimbi, dzinofambisa magetsi kuburikidza nekufamba kwemaerekitironi, muviri unofambisa magetsi kuburikidza nekufamba kwemaion ari mumvura. Mvura iri mukati memasero (mukati memasero) uye iri kunze kwemasero (kunze kwemasero) ine maelectrolyte akawanda, asi maumbirwo awo akasiyana. Kazhinji, mvura iri kunze kwemasero inonyanya kuve Na⁺ neCl⁻, nepo mvura iri mukati memasero ine mapuroteni ane K⁺, phosphate, uye ane charge isina kunaka. Musiyano uyu mukugadzirwa hausi wetsaona: unochengetwa nemaune nemasero kuti agadzire concentration uye charge gradients iyo iri pasi pe "cellular electricity."
Nekuti maion ane chaji anogona kufamba, chero shanduko mukugoverwa kwemaion—semuenzaniso, kufamba kweK⁺ kubva musero kana kufamba kweNa⁺ mukati—zvichachinja machaji ari mukati nekunze kwemembrane. Izvi zvinogadzira musiyano wemagetsi unogona kushandiswa nesero kutaura uye kupindura kune nharaunda yaro.
Kamudzira kesero: chinhu chinodzivirira masero chinoita kuti "mabhatiri" ehupenyu akwanise kushandiswa
Kufambiswa kwemagetsi mumasero hakuitiki zvisina tsarukano mumvura yemuviri. Mamembrane emasero, anoumbwa ne lipid bilayer, anodzivirira ma ions zvakanyanya. Ma lipids anodzivirira ma ions ane chaji kuti asapfuure nepa membrane. Zvisinei, membrane inewo mapuroteni akakosha anonzi ma ion channels, transporters, uye pombi dzinodzora kufamba kwema ion. Kubatanidzwa kwe membrane inochengetedza uye nzira dzakasarudzwa dzema ions kunogadzira sisitimu yakaita sebhatiri: pane kupatsanurwa kwechaji uye simba remagetsi rinogona kuburitswa kana zvichidikanwa.
Mumamiriro ekuzorora, masero mazhinji ane mukana wekuti membrane ive negative mukati (semuenzaniso, inenge -70 mV muma neuron). Simba iri rinobva mukusiyana kwehuwandu hweion uye kupinda kwemembrane kune mamwe maion—kunyanya K⁺.
Kugona kwekuzorora kwemembrane uye basa guru re potassium
Simba re membrane rekuzorora rinonyanya kukanganiswa neK⁺. Ma membrane mazhinji emasero anopindirwa zvakanyanya neK⁺ kupfuura Na⁺ nekuda kwekuvapo kweK⁺ "leak" channels. Nekuti huwandu hweK⁺ hwakakwira mukati mesero, hunowanzo pararira. Sezvo K⁺ ichibuda, ma positive charges anobva musero, zvichiita kuti mukati muve negative. Zvisinei, kupararira kweK⁺ hakuenderere mberi nekusingaperi: kuwedzera kwe negative charge mukati mesero kunokwezva K⁺ kumashure. Kuenzana pakati pesimba iri rekupararira nemasimba emagetsi ndiko kunogadzira membrane potential.
Kunyange zvazvo K⁺ iri simba guru, Na⁺ naCl⁻ zvinobatsirawo. Huwandu hushoma hweNa⁺ hunopinda nekubuda kwemvura huchaderedza imwe ye negative charge, nepo kupararira kweCl⁻ kuchienderana nemamiriro esero uye rudzi rwetishu.
Pombi yeSodium-potassium: inochengetedza electrolyte gradient
Kupenya kwemaion hakungagari kwenguva yakareba pasina nzira yekuchengetedza. Apa ndipo panopinda pombi ye sodium-potassium (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase). Pombi iyi inoshandisa simba kubva kuATP kufambisa 3 Na⁺ kubva musero uye kuunza 2 K⁺ musero. Pamusoro pekuchengetedza huwandu hwakawanda hweNa⁺ kunze uye huwandu hwakawanda hweK⁺ mukati, pombi iyi ine electrogenic zvakare nekuti inofambisa positive charge yakawanda kunze kupfuura mukati, nokudaro ichibatsira kuchengetedza negative membrane potential.
Pasina pombi iyi, ma neuron haagone kuchengetedza kugona kwawo kuzorora uye haagone kugadzira ma impulses anodzokororwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mashandiro emagetsi esero anoenderana zvachose nekushandiswa kwesimba rinopa ATP.
Kugona kuita chiito: kuti ma electrolytes anogadzira sei zviratidzo zvemagetsi
Kufambiswa kwemagetsi kunonyanya kuonekwa mumasero etsinga netsandanyama kuburikidza nechiitiko chezvinogona kuita. Zvinogona kuita chiito kuchinja nekukurumidza muzvinogona kuita membrane, izvo zvinopararira pamwe chete nemembrane semafungu. Maitiro azvo anoenderana nemigero yeion ine voltage-gated.
1. Kubviswa kwepolarization: kukurudzira kunovhura nzira dzeNa⁺ dzakavharirwa nemagetsi, Na⁺ inopinda nekukurumidza nekuda kwehuwandu hwe concentration uye magetsi. Kupinda kwe positive charge kunoita kuti membrane isanyanya kuipa, uye inogona kutoita positive.
2. Kudzoreredza polarization: mushure mekubviswa kwepolarization zvakanyanya, nzira dzeNa⁺ dzinovhara/dzinodzima, ipapo nzira dzeK⁺ dzine voltage-gated dzinovhurwa. K⁺ inobuda musero, ichidzosera chaji iri mukati mesero ku negative.
3. Kuwanda kwepolarization uye kupora: dzimwe nguva K⁺ yakawandisa inoburitswa, zvichiita kuti mukana wekuva negative kupfuura mamiriro ekuzorora. Pombi yeNa⁺/K⁺ nemachaneli anodonha zvinozodzosera mamiriro akagadzikana.
Basa remaelectrolyte pano rakanyatsojeka: Na⁺ neK⁺ ndiwo mafungu makuru anogadzira kukwira nekudzika kwesimba rekuita. Kukanganiswa kwemazinga eNa⁺ kana K⁺ kunogona kuchinja chiyero chekukurudzira, kumhanya kwekufambisa, uye kunyange kugona kwesero kupfura ma impulses.
Calcium: chinobatanidza magetsi uye mhinduro yemasero
Kunyange zvazvo Na⁺ naK⁺ zvichiona "mafungu emagetsi" anokurumidza, Ca²⁺ inowanzoita basa rekushandura masaini emagetsi kuita mabasa ebiochemical. Pa neuronal synapse, simba rekuita rinosvika pa axon terminal rinovhura maCa²⁺ channels ane voltage-gated. Kupinda kweCa²⁺ kunokonzera kuburitswa kwema neurotransmitters mu synaptic cleft. Mutsandanyama, Ca²⁺ inobatanidzawo electrical excitation ne contraction kuburikidza ne excitation-contraction mechanism. Saka, Ca²⁺ i electrolyte inokosha inoshandura electrical conduction kuita mabasa e physiological anobatika.
Chloride nebicarbonate: kugadzikana kwechaja uye kuenzana kweasidhi-base
Cl⁻ inowanzo shanda semuchina wekugadzirisa charge uye inoita basa guru mukudzora huwandu hwemasero. Muma neuron, maCl⁻ channels (kusanganisira ayo anoshandiswa neGABA) anogona kudzivirira, sezvo kufamba kweCl⁻ kuchiita kuti zviomere kuti membrane iparare. Uyezve, HCO₃⁻ neCO₂ pair zvakakosha pakugadzirisa acid-base. Kuchinja kwepH kunogona kukanganisa mashandiro emaion channels nema membrane proteins, nokudaro zvichikanganisa zvisina kunanga kufambiswa kwemagetsi. Nemamwe mashoko, kugadzikana kwemagetsi kwemasero kunodawo kugadzikana kwemakemikari kwenharaunda.
Kukanganisa kwekusawirirana kwe electrolyte pakufambiswa kwemagetsi
Kusawirirana kwema electrolyte kunogona kukanganisa kufambiswa kwemagetsi kwemasero uye kukonzera zviratidzo zvakakomba:
– Hypokalemia (K⁺ yakaderera) inogona kukonzera kushaya simba kwetsandanyama, kurwadziwa, uye kusagadzikana kwemoyo nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwe repolarization.
– Hyperkalemia (K⁺ yakakwira) inogona kuderedza musiyano we membrane potential zvekuti masero anogona kubviswa polar zviri nyore asi pakupedzisira anokundikana kugadzira impulses dzakajairika; mumoyo izvi zvinogona kuuraya.
– Hyponatremia (Na⁺ yakaderera) inokanganisa osmolality yemvura uye inogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvetsinga dzakadai sekuvhiringidzika uye pfari.
– Kusagadzikana kweCa²⁺ kunogona kuchinja kuburitswa kwema neurotransmitter uye kusimba kwetsandanyama; hypocalcemia inowanzo wedzera kushatirwa kwetsinga dzemutsinga.
Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza kuti kufambiswa kwemagetsi hakusi kungoitika panzvimbo imwe chete pamembrane, asi kune chekuita nekugara zvakanaka kwemuviri wese.
Penutup
Maelectrolyte ndiwo hwaro hwekufambisa magetsi mumasero. Kuburikidza nekupararira kusina kuenzana kwemaion pakati pemukati nekunze kwesero, membrane yesero inogadza simba remagetsi rakagadzikana. Mapombi eIon nemachannel anochengetedza uye anochinja gradient iyi, zvichiita kuti simba rekuita uye kutumira masaini rishande. Na⁺ naK⁺ ndivo vatambi vakakosha mukuchinja nekukurumidza kwevoltage yemembrane, Ca²⁺ inoshandura masaini emagetsi kuita mhinduro dzinoshanda dzakadai sekuburitswa kweneurotransmitter uye kudzikira, nepo Cl⁻ neHCO₃⁻ zvichibatsira kudzikamisa charge yesero, vhoriyamu, uye nharaunda yemakemikari. Nokudaro, kuchengetedza electrolyte balance hakuna kukosha chete pa "hydration," asiwo kwakakosha pakutaurirana kwemagetsi kunobvumira muviri kufunga, kufamba, uye kurarama.
