Basa reLeukocytes muImmune System
MaLeukocyte, kana kuti masero machena eropa, anoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza hutano nekudzivirira muviri kubva kuzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Pasina sisitimu inoshanda yeleukocyte, miviri yedu yaizova panjodzi yekutapukirwa netupukanana tunokonzera zvirwere, senge mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, fungi, uye tupukanana. MaLeukocyte anoshanda sesisitimu huru yekudzivirira, achiziva nekurwisa zvinhu zvinokonzera chirwere nenzira yakaoma uye yakarongeka. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura basa remaLeukocyte muimmune system, kusanganisira mhando dzakasiyana dzemaLeukocyte uye mashandiro adzo.
Mhando dzeLeukocytes
MaLeukocyte anogona kupatsanurwa mumhando dzakasiyana zvichienderana nebasa rawo uye hunhu hwawo:
1. MaNeutrophils: Rudzi rwemaleukocyte rwakawanda muropa uye runoshanda senzira yekutanga yekudzivirira kubva kuhutachiona hwemabhakitiriya nefungus. MaNeutrophils anogona kufamba nekukurumidza kunzvimbo yehutachiona uye kuita phagocytosis, maitiro ekuputira nekuparadza hutachiona.
2. Lymphocytes: Yakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru: T cells neB cells. T cells dzinoita basa guru mukupindura kwemasero ekudzivirira muviri nekuuraya masero ane utachiona kana kubatsira kudzora mhinduro yemasero ekudzivirira muviri. Kune rumwe rutivi, B cells dzinoita basa rekugadzira ma antibodies mumhinduro yekudzivirira muviri inonaka.
3. Mamonocytes: Mushure mekutenderera muropa, mamonocytes anogona kutamira kune tishu uye kupatsanurana kuita macrophages kana masero edendritic. Ose anoita basa guru mukupa kwephagocytosis uye antigen kumasero eT, chinhu chikuru chekutanga mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri inochinjika.
4. MaEosinophils: Anobatanidzwa mukupindura kwemuviri kuzvirwere zvinotapukira uye ane basa rekuita kuti muviri usawirirane nezvirwere. MaEosinophils ane simba rekuparadza utachiona nekuburitsa maenzymes anokuvadza membrane yehutachiona.
5. MaBasophils: Kunyangwe ari mashoma, maBasophils ane basa guru mukurwisa zvirwere uye kuzvimba. Anoburitsa histamine nemamwe makemikari anobatsira mukurwisa kuzvimba.
Maitiro Ekushanda kweLeukocyte
MaLeukocyte anoshanda nenzira dzakasiyana siyana kudzivirira muviri kubva kuhutachiona nezvirwere. Heano mamwe emaitiro makuru avanoshandisa:
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis inzira inoshandiswa nemasero machena akadai sema neutrophils nema macrophages kufukidza nekuparadza utachiona. Maitiro aya anosanganisira matanho akati wandei, anosanganisira chemotaxis (kufamba uchienda kunzvimbo yehutachiona kunotungamirirwa nezviratidzo zvemakemikari), kubatana nehutachiona kuburikidza nema receptors chaiwo, uye kuisa utachiona mukati me phagosome. Mukati me phagosome, utachiona hunozorwiswa nekuparadzwa nema enzymes e lysosomal.
Kugadzirwa kweAntibody
MaB lymphocytes ndiwo anogadzira maantibodies anoziva uye anodzima hutachiona. Maitiro aya anotanga apo masero eB anosangana neantigen chaiyo. Masero eB anobva ashanda uye opatsanurwa kuita masero eplasma, ayo anogadzira huwandu hwakawanda hwemaantibodies. Maantibodies aya anoshanda kusunga kune maantigen pahutachiona, achiaratidza kuti aparadzwa nedzimwe nzira dzakadai se complement kana phagocytes.
Kushanda kweT Lymphocyte
MaT lymphocytes ane mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzine mabasa akasiyana. Masero eT anobatsira (CD4+) anoburitsa macytokine anobatsira mamwe masero ekudzivirira muviri uye anowedzera simba rekudzivirira muviri. Masero eT ane chepfu (CD8+) anoziva uye anouraya masero ane hutachiona kana kenza. Kushanda kwemasero eT kunotanga nekuziva major histocompatibility complex (MHC) pamasero anogadzira antigen (APCs), akadai semacrophages kana masero edendritic.
Kusunungurwa kweCytokine
MaCytokine anoratidza mamorekuru anoburitswa nemaleukocyte kuti ataurirane uye adzore mhinduro dzemuviri. Anogona kukwezva masero emuviri kunzvimbo yehutachiona (chemotaxis), kuwedzera basa rephagocytic, uye kudzora kugadzirwa kwemasoja emuviri. Mienzaniso yemacytokine inosanganisira mainterleukins (ILs), mainterferons (IFNs), uye tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
Mhinduro yeImmune yeInnate vs. Adaptive
MaLeukocyte anoita basa rakakosha mumhando mbiri dzemhinduro dzemuviri: dzekuzvarwa nadzo nedzekuchinja. Mhinduro yemuviri yekudzivirira muviri ndiyo nzira yekutanga yekudzivirira uye inoitika pakarepo mushure mehutachiona. Inosanganisira zvipingamupinyi zvemuviri (ganda nemukati), masero ephagocytic (neutrophils, macrophages), masero ekuuraya (NK), uye mapuroteni eropa akadai se complement.
Kusiyana neizvi, mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri inochinja-chinja ine zvakawanda uye inotora nguva yakareba kuti ikure. Inosanganisira kuzivikanwa kweantigen chaiyo neB neT lymphocytes, kuumbwa kwendangariro yekudzivirira muviri, uye kugadzirwa kweantibodies. Mhinduro iyi inochinja-chinja inoratidzwa nekusiyana kwayo uye kugona kwayo "kurangarira" hutachiona hwaimbosangana nahwo, nokudaro ichipa dziviriro inoshanda kubva kuhutachiona hunotevera.
Mutemo weHomeostasis
Kunze kwekurwisa hutachiona, ma leukocyte anoshandawo mukuchengetedza homeostasis uye kugadziriswa kwenyama. Semuenzaniso, ma macrophages anoita basa rekubvisa masero akafa nemamwe marara kubva munyama uye kutsigira maitiro ekugadzirisa nekuburitsa zvinhu zvinokura. Ma eosinophils nema basophils anoita basa rekubatsira kuzvimba kunodiwa kuti abvise kukuvara kana kurwiswa kwehutachiona.
Matambudziko ekushanda kweLeukocyte
Kukanganiswa kwebasa rema "leukocyte" kunogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, neutropenia chirwere chinokonzerwa nehutachiona apo huwandu hwema "neutrophils" hunoderera, zvichiita kuti munhu ave nyore kubatwa nehutachiona hwemabhakitiriya nefungus. Zvirwere zve autoimmune, zvakaita se systemic lupus erythematosus, zvinoitika kana ma "leukocytes" achirwisa nhengo dzemuviri nekuda kwekutadza kuzviziva kubva kune vamwe. Kenza zhinji dzeropa, dzakadai se leukemia, dzinosanganisirawo kuwanda kwema "leukocyte" kana kusashanda zvakanaka.
Kusiyana neizvi, mamwe mabhakitiriya ane nzira dzekudzivisa kana kudzvinyirira mhinduro yemuviri ye leukocyte. Semuenzaniso, hutachiona hweHIV hunonanga masero eT anobatsira uye hunokuvadza masoja emuviri, zvichikonzera AIDS.
Mhedziso
MaLeukocyte zvikamu zvakakosha zvemuviri wemuviri, zvine basa rekuona, kurwisa, uye kuparadza hutachiona. Anoshanda kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakaoma uye dzakabatana, dzinosanganisira phagocytosis, kugadzirwa kweantibody, T-cell activation, uye kuburitswa kwecytokine. Uyezve, maleukocyte anoita basa rekuchengetedza homeostasis uye kugadziriswa kwetishu. Kukanganiswa kwebasa remaleukocyte kunogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichiratidza kukosha kwemasero aya mukuchengetedza hutano uye kurwisa zvirwere. Nekunzwisisa zviri nani basa uye mashandiro emaleukocyte, tinogona kugadzira nzira dzekurapa dzinoshanda zvakanyanya kusimbisa mhinduro yemuviri yekudzivirira muviri.
