Maumbirwo uye Mashandiro eMakero Emasero
Pendauluan
Kamudzira kesero, kana kuti plasma membrane, imhando inokosha inodzivirira masero nekutonga kudyidzana pakati penzvimbo yemukati yesero nenzvimbo yaro. Kakakora kacho kane 5–10 nanometers chete, kamudzira kesero kanoita basa guru mumabasa akawanda emuviri akakosha muhupenyu. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora chimiro nebasa rekamudzira kesero zvakadzama.
Maumbirwo eMembrane yeSero
Kamudzira kesero kane zvikamu zviviri zvemafuta anozivikanwa se phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipid imwe neimwe ine musoro unofadza mvura (inoda mvura) uye miswe miviri inovenga mvura (inovenga mvura). Kana phospholipids dzakarongwa mu bilayer, misoro yadzo yakatarisa kunze, yakatarisana nemvura mukati nekunze kwesero, nepo miswe yakatarisana mukati, kure nemvura, ichisangana pakati.
1. Zvikamu zveLipid
– Phospholipids: Izvi ndizvo zvikamu zvikuru zvema membrane emasero. Zvinosanganisira glycerol ine mafuta maviri acids uye boka re phosphate rakabatana neboka re polar head. Phospholipids inopa kuyerera uye kupinza kwemasero mu membrane.
– Cholesterol: Iyo iri pakati pemaphospholipid, cholesterol inochengetedza kugadzikana kwemembrane. Inodzivirira maphospholipid ari pedyo kuti asaungane zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti membrane iwedzere kuchinjika, kunyanya pakupisa kwakaderera.
– Glycolipids: MaPhospholipid ane makabhohaidhiretsi akabatana nawo uye anoita basa guru mukudyidzana kwemasero uye masaini pakati pemasero.
2. Zvikamu zveMapuroteni
– Mapuroteni Akakosha: Aya mapuroteni anotambanuka nepakati pemafuta asina kuzara. Semuenzaniso, mapuroteni emugero neanotakura anotendera kutakurwa kwemamorekuru makuru nemaion kuburikidza nemembrane.
– Mapuroteni ePeripheral: Ari pamusoro pekunze kana mukati me lipid bilayer uye anowanzo batanidzwa nemapuroteni akabatanidzwa kana phospholipid heads kuburikidza nekudyidzana kusingaenderane ne covalent.
– Glycoprotein: Puroteni ine makabhohaidhiretsi akabatanidzwa mairi, inoita basa guru mukuziva nekupa ruzivo mumasero.
3. Makabhohaidhiretsi
– Zvine maoligosaccharides akabatana nemapuroteni (glycoproteins) kana mafuta (glycolipids). Anoita basa mukuzivikanwa kwemasero, kunamatira kwemasero, uye semasaini ekugamuchira.
Basa reMembrane yeSero
1. Chipingamupinyi Chekusarudza
Kamudzira kesero kanoshanda sechidziviriro chinosarudza zvinopinda nekubuda musero. Kamudzira kanopindira zvishoma kanobvumira mamwe mamorekuru, akadai semvura nemagasi, kuti apfuure nepakati zviri nyore, nepo mamwe mamorekuru achida nzira dzakakosha kuti apinde maari.
– Kupararira Zviri Nyore: Mamorekuru madiki akadai seokisijeni nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi anogona kupfuura nepakati pemafuta maviri kuburikidza nekupararira.
– Kupararira Kunobatsira: Mamorekuru akadai seglucose nemaamino acids anoda mapuroteni anotakura kana nzira kuti apfuure nepa membrane.
– Kutakura Kunoshanda: Zvinhu zvinofamba zvinopesana nehukuru hwehuwandu zvinoda simba (ATP) uye chinhu chakakosha chinotakurwa.
2. Kutaurirana Pakati Pemasero
Ma membrane emasero anoita basa rakakosha mukutaurirana pakati pemasero kuburikidza nemapuroteni anoshanda sema receptor. Mamorekuru ekutumira zviratidzo akadai semahormone nema neurotransmitters anobatana nema receptor aya, zvichikonzera mhinduro mukati mesero, inozivikanwa se signal transduction. Muenzaniso wakajeka i insulin receptor, iyo yakakosha pakugadzirisa huwandu hweshuga muropa.
3. Kubatana Kwemasero uye Kunamatira
Matanda emasero ane maumbirwo anobvumira masero kunamirana uye kuumba tishu. Mamwe mapuroteni, akadai se cadhesin ne integrins, anoita basa rakakosha mukuita uku.
4. Kuzivikanwa kweSistimu yeKudzivirira Kupararira kweMadziviriro eMumuviri
Kuzivikanwa kwemasero ibasa rakakosha remembrane yesero, rinosanganisira maglycoprotein nemaglycolipid anoshanda sezviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa. Masero ekudzivirira muviri anogona kuziva masero awo uye kuona masero ekunze, izvo zvakakosha mukupindura kwemuviri kunodzivirira zvirwere.
5. Kuchinja Simba
Ma membrane emasero anoitawo basa mukupa simba. Semuenzaniso, mumasero emiti, ma membrane e thylakoid ari mukati mema chloroplast anobatanidzwa mu photosynthesis. Mumasero emhuka, mitochondria ine membrane yemukati inoita basa mukugadzirwa kweATP kuburikidza nekufema kwemasero.
6. Endocytosis uye Exocytosis
Kamudzira kesero kanobvumira kufamba kwemamorekuru makuru kuburikidza nemaitiro akadai se endocytosis ne exocytosis. Endocytosis inosanganisira kuputsa chikamu chekamudzira kesero kuti chigadzire vesicle inotenderedza chidimbu chikuru ichi yochiisa musero. Exocytosis inopesana ne endocytosis, uko vesicle iri mukati mesero inosangana nekamudzira kesero yoburitsa zviri mukati mayo kunze.
Kudyidzana kweMakero eSero neZvakatipoteredza
1. Gradient yeElectro-Chemical
Ma membrane emasero anoita basa rekuchengetedza ma electrochemical gradients akakosha pakushanda kwemasero. Semuenzaniso, muma neuron, ma gradients aya akakosha pakutumira kwe neural impulses. Pombi yeNa+/K+ ATPase muenzaniso weprotein inobatanidzwa inopomba ma sodium ions kubva musero uye ma potassium ions mairi, ichichengetedza gradient iyi.
2. Basa muMaitiro Ezvirwere
Ma membrane emasero ane basawo muzvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, kukanganiswa kwemaumbirwo nemashandiro e membrane kunogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zvakaita se cystic fibrosis, uko shanduko mu gene inochengetedza protein ye chloride channel inokanganisa kutakurwa kwema ion ne membrane yesero.
Mhedziso
Kamudzira kesero ichimiro chakasimba uye chakaoma kunzwisisa, chine mafuta, mapuroteni, uye makabhohaidhiretsi akarongwa mu phospholipid bilayer. Mabasa ekamudzira anodarika zvipingamupinyi zvemuviri pakutaurirana, kufambiswa kwemashoko, kuzivikanwa kwemasoja emuviri, uye kutakurwa kwemamorekuru. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaumbirwo uye mashandiro ekamudzira kesero kunovhura nzira yekutsvagisa kwakawanda uye mashandisirwo angangoitwa nekurapa, kusanganisira kurapa zvirwere kunotarisa pakugadzirisa kana kuvandudza mashandiro ekamudzira. Sezvatinodzidza zvakawanda nezvebasa rekamudzira kesero muhutano nezvirwere, tinogona kugadzira nzira dzinoshanda dzekuongorora nekurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana.
Kana muine mibvunzo kana kuti muchida kujekeserwa, ndingafara kukubatsirai.
