Nei Glucose Inokosha Pakugadzirwa kweATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) inowanzonzi "simba remuviri." Mabasa ese emasero—kubva pakubata tsandanyama uye kutapurirana kwetsinga kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemapuroteni uye kutakurwa kwezvinhu kuburikidza nemembrane—inoda ATP. Zvisinei, ATP haichengetwi yakawanda; muviri unofanirwa kugara uchiigadzira kubva mumafuta aripo. Imwe yemafuta anonyanya kukosha uye ari nyore kuwana kumasero iglucose. Mubvunzo ndewokuti: sei glucose ichikosha pakugadzirwa kweATP?
1. Glucose: mafuta anokurumidza uye anoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana
Glucose icarbohydrate iri nyore (monosaccharide) inova ndiyo sosi huru yesimba renyama dzakawanda dzemuviri. Mushure mekudya zvekudya zvine carbohydrate—zvakadai semupunga, chingwa, michero, kana tuber—carbohydrates dzinogayiwa kuita glucose uye dzinopinda muropa. Kubva pano, glucose inogona kushandiswa zvakananga nemasero kana kuchengetwa kutanga seglycogen muchiropa netsandanyama.
Kubatsira kweglucose kupfuura mamwe mamorekuru esimba akawanda ndiko kushandiswa kwayo kwakasiyana-siyana: inogona kuoxidized kuti igadzire ATP pasi peokisijeni yakakwana (mamiriro emhepo) uye pasi peokisijeni shoma (mamiriro emhepo). Kuchinjika uku kunoita kuti glucose ive chinhu chikuru mukushandiswa kwesimba.
2. ATP uye zvinodiwa zvesimba remasero nguva dzose
ATP inoshanda sebhatiri diki, rinochajwazve. Kana ATP ikapatsanurwa kuita ADP (adenosine diphosphate) uye inorganic phosphate (Pi), simba rinoburitswa kuti ritungamirire mashandiro ehupenyu. Nekuti ATP inogara ichishandiswa, masero anofanira kunge aine nzira dzinoshanda uye dzakagadzikana dzekugadzirisa mashandiro emuviri kuti aigadzire.
Glucose inopa mapfupa ekabhoni nemaerekitironi ane simba rakawanda anogona kuburitswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, uye electron transport chain. Kutevedzana uku kwematanho kwakakosha nekuti kunobvumira masero kuwana simba zvinobudirira pasina "kupisa" glucose panguva imwe chete.
3. Glycolysis: danho rekutanga rekugadzirwa kweATP risingatsamiri paokisijeni.
Basa reglucose mukugadzirwa kweATP rinotanga neglycolysis, kuputsika kwemorekuru imwe chete yeglucose (maatomu matanhatu ekabhoni) kuita mamorekuru maviri epyruvate (rimwe nerimwe riine maatomu matatu ekabhoni). Glycolysis inoitika mu cytoplasm yesero uye haidi okisijeni, zvichiita kuti ive nzira inokosha apo muviri unosangana nekushaikwa kweokisijeni—semuenzaniso, panguva yekurovedza muviri kwakasimba.
Mu glycolysis, masero anowana:
– ATP yakananga (substrate-level phosphorylation): kuwanikwa kwese kunowanzova 2 ATP pamorekuru yeglucose.
– NADH: molekyuru inotakura maerekitironi ine simba guru iyo inogona kuzoshandiswa kugadzira ATP yakawanda pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu eaerobic.
Kunyangwe goho rakananga reATP kubva kuglycolysis richiratidzika kuva diki, danho iri rakakosha zvikuru nekuti:
1. zvinoitika nekukurumidza,
2. zvinogona kuitika mumasero ese,
3. inova nzvimbo yekupinda kweglucose munzira inotevera yesimba.
4. Mamiriro ekusashanda zvakanaka kweropa: shuga inogona kuburitsa simba
Kana okisijeni isina kukwana, pyruvate inogadzirwa neglycolysis haigone kupinda muchikamu chekugadzirwa kwesimba re aerobic zvakanaka. Pane kudaro, pyruvate inoshandurwa kuita lactate (muvanhu) kuburikidza ne lactic acid fermentation. Chinangwa hachisi chekugadzira ATP yakawedzerwa, asi ndechekugadzirazve NAD+ kuitira kuti glycolysis irambe ichienderera mberi uye kugadzirwa kweATP kugone kuramba kuchienderera mberi, kunyangwe paine mwero mudiki.
Ndosaka glucose ichikosha kune tsinga dzinowanzo sangana nekushomeka kweokisijeni kwenguva pfupi, senge tsandanyama dzinenge dzichishanda nesimba zvakanyanya. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, glucose inopa nzira "yekukurumidzira" yekuchengetedza kugadzirwa kweATP.
5. Mamiriro ekufema: shuga inoburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hweATP.
Kana okisijeni iripo, pyruvate inobva kuglycolysis inopinda mumitochondria uye inogadziriswa kuita acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA inobva yapinda muKrebs cycle (citric acid cycle). Padanho iri, simba rinobva kuglucose rinotorwazve muchimiro che:
– NADH
– FADH2
- ATP diki (kana GTP) zvakananga
NADH neFADH2 zvinozotakura maerekitironi kuenda kune cheni yekufambisa maerekitironi iri mumukati memitochondrial membrane. Apa ndipo panowanikwa ATP yakawanda kuburikidza ne oxidative phosphorylation. Maerekitironi anoyerera nepakati pecheni yekufambisa maerekitironi anobatsira kupomba mapurotoni, zvichigadzira gradient iyo enzyme ATP synthase inoshandisa pakupedzisira "kubatanidza" phosphate neADP, ichigadzira ATP.
Zvose, kuoxidation kwakazara kwemorekuru imwe chete yeglucose pasi pemamiriro e aerobic kunogona kugadzira ATP inosvika 30–32 (nhamba iyi inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwesero uye mashandiro ekufambisa kweNADH kuenda ku mitochondria).
Mukupedzisa, glucose haingogone kuburitsa ATP chete; inogona kuburitsa ATP yakawanda nekushanda zvakanaka kana okisijeni iripo.
6. Glucose inokosha kuuropi nemasero matsvuku eropa.
Mamwe matishu anonyanya kuvimba neglucose senzvimbo yesimba:
1. Uropi
Uropi hunoshandisa simba rakawanda kuchengetedza mashandiro emagetsi ema neuron, mashandiro ema ion pumps (akadai seNa+/K+ ATPase), uye kutonga kwema neurotransmitters. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, uropi hunovimba zvakanyanya ne glucose. Munguva yekutsanya kwenguva refu, uropi hunogona kushandisa ketone bodies, asi glucose inoramba ichikosha.
2. Masero matsvuku eropa (erythrocytes)
MaErythrocyte haana mitochondria, zvichireva kuti haakwanise kuita Krebs cycle uye electron transport chain. Nzira chete iyo maErythrocyte anogadzira ATP ndeye glycolysis, zvichiita kuti glucose ive sosi yavo huru uye inokosha yemafuta.
Kudyidzana kwemasero maviri aya kunoratidza kuti glucose haisiriyo "imwe chete" sosi yesimba, asi ndiyo simba guru rekuita mabasa anokosha.
7. Glucose inodzorwa zviri nyore uye inochengetwa seglycogen.
Muviri une mahormone akakura zvakanaka ekuchengetedza huwandu hweshuga muropa, kunyanya kuburikidza ne insulin ne glucagon. Kana shuga muropa ikakwira mushure mekudya, insulin inobatsira masero kutora shuga uye kuichengeta se glycogen (kunyanya muchiropa netsandanyama). Kana shuga muropa yaderera, glucagon inokurudzira kuputsika kwe glycogen kuita glucose (kunyanya muchiropa) kuti igare yakagadzikana huwandu hweshuga muropa.
Kuchengeta glucose se glycogen kwakakosha nekuti:
- inopa simba rakawanda,
- inotsigira mitambo nekurovedza muviri,
- kuchengetedza huwandu hweshuga muuropi.
8. Glucose ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mune dzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa muviri.
Pamusoro pesimba, glucose inopawo zvinhu zvekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva. Kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, glucose inogona kubatsira mukuumbwa kwe:
– ribose (ye nucleotides/DNA-RNA) kuburikidza ne pentose phosphate pathway,
- zvinotangira mamwe maamino acids,
– zvikamu zvemafuta (kuburikidza neacetyl-CoA kana simba rakawandisa).
Izvi zvinoreva kuti glucose inobatsira masero kwete kungo "rarama" nesimba chete, asiwo "kukura" nekuzvigadzirisa.
Penutup
Glucose inokosha pakugadzirwa kweATP nekuti ifuyo inokurumidza, inochinjika, uye inoshanda zvakanaka. Glucose inogona kugadzira ATP kuburikidza neglycolysis kana okisijeni isina kukwana, uye inogona kugadzira huwandu hwakawanda hweATP kuburikidza nekufema kwemhepo kana okisijeni yakakwana. Uyezve, glucose ndiyo sosi huru yesimba kune nhengo dzinokosha dzakadai seuropi uye sosi yega yesimba remasero matsvuku eropa, asina mitochondria. Nekukwanisa kwayo kuchengetwa seglycogen uye kubatanidzwa kwayo munzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzemetabolism, glucose inoita basa guru mukudzora simba remuviri.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa chino kuita shanduro yesainzi (yakakwana nemashoko ebiochemical uye madhayagiramu enhanho nenhanho) kana shanduro inozivikanwa zvikuru yevadzidzi vepakati nepasekondari.
