Kushandiswa kweMafungu eRadio muTekinoroji
Mafungu eredhiyo chikamu chemagetsi ane marefu ewavelength uye mafrequency akaderera pane chiedza chinoonekwa, maX-ray, kana gamma rays. Kunyangwe "asingaonekwe," mafungu eredhiyo aripo mune zvinenge zvese zvehupenyu hwemazuva ano. Kubva panhepfenyuro dzeredhiyo dziri nyore kusvika kune network dze5G cellular, kubva pakutaurirana kwesatellite kusvika kumidziyo yeInternet of Things (IoT), ese anoshandisa kugona kwemafungu eredhiyo kutakura ruzivo pasina waya. Chinyorwa chino chinotaura mashandisirwo anoitwa mafungu eredhiyo mu tekinoroji , misimboti yavo yekushanda, uye matambudziko nekufambira mberi mune ramangwana.
Kunzwisisa Mafungu eRadio uye Mashandiro Aanoita
Mufizikisi, mafungu eredhiyo mafungu emagetsi anofamba muchadenga (kunyangwe ari mu vacuum) nekumhanya kwechiedza. Ruzivo runogona "kuiswa" pamafungu eredhiyo kuburikidza nemaitiro ekuchinja. Kuchinja-chinja kunochinja hunhu hwechiratidzo chekutakura, senge amplitude, frequency, kana phase, kuti zvimiririre ruzha, data, kana vhidhiyo.
Muhurongwa hwekutaurirana, mune zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: chinotumira, nzira yekuparadzira (mhepo/nzvimbo), uye chinogamuchira. Chinotumira chinoshandura ruzivo kuita masaini eredhiyo, uye antenna inoatumira. Chinotumira chinotora masaini kuburikidza neantenna yacho inogamuchira uye chobva chaabvisa kuti adzorere ruzivo kuchimiro charwo chepakutanga. Kushanda kwemaitiro aya kunokonzereswa nezvinhu zvakawanda, zvakaita sehuwandu hunoshandiswa, simba rekutumira, rudzi rweantenna, mamiriro ekunze, uye zvipingamupinyi zvemuviri zvakaita sezvivakwa nemiti.
Nhepfenyuro yeRedhiyo neTerevhizheni
Mashandisirwo akajairika emasaisai eredhiyo iAM/FM radio broadcasting uye terrestrial television. Mu AM (Amplitude Modulation) radio, ruzivo rwemasaisai runotakurwa nekuchinja amplitude ye carrier wave. Mu FM (Frequency Modulation), ruzivo runotakurwa nekuchinja frequency. FM inowanzopa ruzha rwakanaka uye inodzivirira kukanganiswa kwakati wandei kupfuura AM, kunyange zvazvo huwandu hwayo huchigona kusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro enzvimbo.
Mafungu eredhiyo anoitawo basa guru muterevhizheni, mune zvema analog system ekare uye munhepfenyuro dzedhijitari dzanhasi. Nhepfenyuro dzedhijitari dzeTV dzinoshandisa matekiniki ekugadzirisa uye ekumanikidza anoshanda zvakanyanya, zvichibvumira mufananidzo neruzha zvemhando yepamusoro uye zvichibvumira nzira dzakawanda mukati mehuwandu hwema frequency. Kutama kubva ku analog kuenda kudhijitari muenzaniso wekuti kushandiswa kwemafungu eredhiyo kuri kuramba kuchichinja sei zvichienderana nekudiwa kwekushanda zvakanaka kwe spectrum uye mhando yebasa.
Kutaurirana Nefoni: Kubva pa2G kusvika pa5G
Manetwork enharembozha ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa pakushandisa mawave eredhiyo mazuva ano. Nharembozha dzinobatana nezviteshi zve transceiver (BTS) kuburikidza nemasaini eredhiyo. Sezvo zvizvarwa zvenetwork zvichichinja, matekinoroji e modulation, coding, uye spectrum management ari kuwedzera kuve epamusoro-soro.
- 2G yakaunza kutaurirana kwedhijitari kwezwi neSMS.
- 3G yakaunza mukana wakawedzerwa wekuwana data panharembozha.
- 4G (LTE) inobvumira kutepfenyura mavhidhiyo, misangano yemavhidhiyo, uye masevhisi edata anomhanya zvakanyanya.
- 5G inowedzera kugona, kumhanya, uye inoderedza kunonoka, uye inotsigira kubatana kukuru kweIoT.
Mu5G, mamwe mashandisirwo anoshandisa mafrequency akakwira (semuenzaniso, millimeter wave/mmWave). Mafrequency akakwira anopa bandwidth yakakura asi simba rakaderera rekupinda, zvichida masero madiki akawanda munzvimbo dzakamanikana.
Wi-Fi neBluetooth: Kubatana kweRenji Pfupi
Mafungu eredhiyo ndiwo musimboti wema network emunharaunda asingashandise waya kuburikidza neWi-Fi. Wi-Fi inowanzo shanda mumabhendi e2,4 GHz ne5 GHz, uye matekinoroji matsva anoshandisawo 6 GHz. NeWi-Fi, zvishandiso zvakaita semalaptop, nharembozha, uye maTV akangwara zvinogona kubatana neinternet pasina waya. Muhunyanzvi, Wi-Fi inoshandisa manejimendi ekugadzirisa chiteshi, encryption, uye matekiniki emazuva ano ekushandura (semuenzaniso, OFDM) kuti ibudirire nekukurumidza uku ichichengetedza kugadzikana kwekubatana.
Panguva iyi, Bluetooth inoshandisa mawaya eredhiyo pakutaurirana kusingashande nesimba rakawanda, semuenzaniso, mumaearphone asina waya, makiyibhodhi, mbeva, uye kunyange zvishandiso zvekurapa. Bluetooth yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza simba uye kudzivirira kukanganiswa kuburikidza nekuchinja-chinja kwema frequency, nzira inokurumidza kuchinja pakati pema frequency kudzivirira kukanganiswa.
Masatellite: Kubatanidza Nzvimbo Dziri Kure
Kutaurirana kwesatellite kunoshandisa mafungu eredhiyo kubatanidza nzvimbo dziri paNyika kuburikidza nemasatellite anotenderera. Iyi tekinoroji yakakosha kunzvimbo dziri kure uko zvivakwa zvetambo kana nhare dzenhare zvakaoma kusvika. Masatellite anoshandiswa kune zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana: internet yesatellite, kutepfenyura paterevhizheni, kutaurirana kwegungwa nendege, uye kutaurirana kwekukurumidzira kana njodzi dzichikanganisa network dzepasi.
Internet yemazuva ano yesatellite, kusanganisira nyeredzi dzesatellite dzine low-orbit (LEO), iri kuramba ichichinja kuti ideredze kunonoka uye kuvandudza mhando yebasa. Zvisinei, tekinoroji iyi inewo matambudziko akadai semitengo yekuburitsa, manejimendi yeorbit, uye kukanganiswa kwespectrum.
Kufamba uye Kuisa Nzvimbo: GPS neGNSS Systems
Masisitimu ekufambisa satellite akadai seGPS (United States) nedzimwe nzira dzeGNSS (GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou) anoshandawo achishandisa mafungu eredhiyo. Masatellite anotumira masaini ane ruzivo rwenguva rwakanyatsojeka. GPS inogamuchira mufoni kana mudziyo wekufambisa inoverenga daro remasatellite akati wandei zvichienderana nemusiyano wenguva pakati pemasaini uye inobva yaona nzvimbo yemushandisi paNyika.
Kushandiswa uku kwakakosha mukufambisa, kutakura zvinhu, kumepa, kurima nemazvo, uye kunyangwe mashandisirwo ezuva nezuva senge masevhisi emota dzemudhudhudhu online uye mamepu edhijitari. Zvisinei, masaini ekufamba nesatellite haana kusimba kana asvika paNyika uye anogona kukanganiswa nezvipingamupinyi, multipath (kuratidzwa kwechiratidzo), kana kumwe kupindira kweredhiyo.
Radar uye Kunzwa Kure
Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) inoshandisa mafungu eredhiyo kuona zvinhu uye kuyera daro razvo. Radar inoshanda nekuburitsa mafungu eredhiyo uye yozotora ratidziro dzadzo kubva pazvinhu zvakaita sendege, ngarava, kana mvura. Kubva panguva yekufamba kwechiratidzo uye frequency changes ( Doppler effect ), radar inogona kufungidzira daro, gwara, uye kumhanya kwechinhu.
Radar inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutonga kwendege, kudzivirira, mamiriro ekunze (radar yemamiriro ekunze), uye kunyange mukushandiswa kwemotokari. Mota dzemazuva ano dzinoshandisa radar pazvinhu zvekuchengetedza zvakaita se adaptive cruise control uye collision detection. Musainzi yepasi, mafungu eredhiyo anoshandiswawo mukuona kure kuti aone nzvimbo dziri pamusoro, kutarisa kuparadzwa kwemasango, uye kuyera hunyoro hwevhu.
MaSensor eInternet yezvinhu (IoT) uye Wireless
Mafungu eredhiyo ndiwo hwaro hwekutaurirana kwemamiriyoni emidziyo yeIoT: masensa ekupisa, mita yemagetsi yakangwara, midziyo yepamba yakangwara, matracker emidziyo, nezvimwewo. Matekinoroji mazhinji eIoT akagadzirwa kuti ave nesimba shoma, zvichiita kuti mabhatiri agare kwemakore. Mienzaniso inosanganisira LoRa/LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, uye Zigbee, imwe neimwe ine hunhu hwakasiyana hwemhando, simba, uye chiyero chedata.
Muindasitiri, IoT inogonesa kutarisa michina panguva chaiyo, kufanotaura kutadza, uye kushanda zvakanaka. Muhutano, masensa asina waya anobatsira kutarisa mamiriro evarwere vari kure. Mabhenefiti ese aya anoenderana nekushandiswa zvakanaka uye kwakachengeteka kwemafungu eredhiyo.
Matambudziko: Kuona, Kupindira, uye Kuchengetedzwa
Nekuti matekinoroji akawanda anovimba nemafungu eredhiyo, mafrequency spectrum haana simba rakawanda. Hurumende nevanoona nezvemitemo vanofanira kutarisira kugoverwa kwemaspectrum kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwebasa. Kukanganiswa kunogonawo kubva kumidziyo yemagetsi, mamiriro ekunze, kana kuzara kwenzira munzvimbo.
Uyezve, kuchengetedzeka inyaya yakakosha. Masaini eredhiyo anogona kuvharwa kana asina kuvharwa zvakanaka. Ndosaka maprotocol emazuva ano (akadai seWPA3 paWi-Fi kana kuvharwa kwekupedzisira-kusvika-kumagumo pane mamwe masevhisi) ari kugara achigadzirwa. Tekinoroji dzakadai se5G dzinosimbisawo kusimbiswa kwenetwork uye kuchengetedzeka kurwisa kutyisidzira kuri kuwedzera kuoma kwecyber.
Remangwana rekushandiswa kwemafungu eredhiyo
Mune ramangwana, kushandiswa kwemafungu eredhiyo kuchabatanidzwa zvakanyanya nezvinodiwa zvemakombiyuta uye zvehungwaru hwekugadzira. Matekinoroji akadai seredhiyo yekuziva anobvumira michina kusarudza frequency yakanyanya kunaka kuderedza kuzara kwespectrum. Uyezve, michina ine maantenna akangwara (beamforming) inogona kutungamira masaini kune vashandisi vakasiyana, zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye zvichideredza kupindira.
Kugadzirwa kwe6G nekutsvagisa pamafrequencies akakwira kunovimbisawo mashandisirwo matsva, anosanganisira kutaurirana nekukurumidza, kubatanidzwa kwekuona nekutaurirana (semuenzaniso, network dzinoshandiswawo se "radar"), uye rutsigiro rwemasystem anozvitonga anoda nguva shoma.
Penutup
Mafungu eredhiyo ndiwo hwaro hwetekinoroji yemazuva ano isina waya. Kubva panhepfenyuro dzeredhiyo neTV, network dzenharembozha, Wi-Fi, masateraiti, GPS, radar, uye Internet of Things (IoT), ese anoshandisa kugona kwemafungu eredhiyo kutumira ruzivo pasina waya munzvimbo dziri kure. Pasinei nematambudziko akadai sekuganhurirwa kwespectrum, kupindira, uye kunetseka nezvekuchengetedza, hunyanzvi huri kuramba huchifambira mberi kuti kushandiswa kwawo kuve kwakanaka, nekukurumidza, uye kwakavimbika. Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yekutaurirana uye zvishandiso zvehungwaru, mafungu eredhiyo acharamba ari mbiru huru mukuvaka nyika iri kuramba ichibatana.
