Zvinhu zveFizikisi paGeometric Optics
Geometric optics ibazi refizikisi rinoongorora maitiro echiedza richishandisa nzira ye "ray". Munzira iyi, chiedza chinoonekwa sechinofamba mumitsara yakatwasuka, chichiratidza chiedza pachanorova pamusoro pechiedza, uye chichichinja-chinja kana chapfuura nepakati pezvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana. Kunyangwe chiedza chiri mafungu emagetsi , geometric optics inobatsira zvikuru pakutsanangura zviitiko zvakawanda zvezuva nezuva uye ndiyo hwaro hwekushanda kwezvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaziso zvakaita semagirazi ekukudza, makamera, maperiscope, maikorosikopu, uye materesikopu.
1. Pfungwa Dzekutanga dzeGeometric Optics
Mu geometric optics, kune pfungwa dzinoverengeka dzakakosha:
1. Mwaranzi yechiedza: chiratidzo chekwakatangira kupararira kwechiedza chakadhirowewa semutsetse wakatwasuka.
2. Mwenje wechiedza: muunganidzwa wemwaranzi yechiedza. Mwenje unogona kuva wakafanana, wakabatana, kana wakasiyana.
3. Pakati nepakati: chinhu chinobatanidza chiedza, semuenzaniso mhepo, mvura, girazi kana purasitiki.
Pfungwa huru ye geometric optics ndeyekuti kureba kwechiedza kudiki zvikuru pane saizi yezvinhu zvachinosangana nazvo, saka hunhu hwemafungu hwakadai sekupindira uye diffraction hunogona kuregeredzwa muzviitiko zvakawanda.
2. Kufungisisa kweChiedza (Kufungisisa)
Kuratidzwa kwechiedza kunoitika kana chiedza charova pamusoro chodzokera panzvimbo yacho yekutanga. Muenzaniso uri nyore ndewechiedza chinoratidzwa negirazi.
Mutemo weKufungisisa
Kune mitemo miviri yekufungisisa:
1. Mwaranzi wechiitiko, mwaranzi unoonekwa, uye mutsetse wakajairika zviri muchikamu chimwe chete.
2. Kona yechiitiko (i) yakafanana nekona yekuratidzira (r), kureva:
\[
ini = r
\]
Mutsetse wakajairika mutsetse wakatwasuka pamusoro penzvimbo panowira mwaranzi.
Mhando dzeKufungisisa
– Kuratidzwa kwakajairika (kwechisikigo): kunoitika panzvimbo dzakatsetseka dzakadai semagirazi. Chiedza chinoratidzwa chakajairika, chichigadzira mufananidzo wakajeka.
– Kupenya kwechiedza: kunoitika panzvimbo dzakaomarara dzakadai semadziro. Chiedza chinoonekwa munzira dzakasiyana-siyana, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwemufananidzo wakajeka.
3. Magirazi Akatsetseka uye Magirazi Akakombama
Girazi Rakatsetseka
Girazi replane rinoumba mufananidzo unoti:
- chaiyo (haigone kutorwa pachiratidziro),
- yakatwasuka,
- saizi yakaenzana,
- uye chinhambwe chakafanana kubva pagirazi nechinhu chacho.
Kana chinhu chiri chinhambwe \(s \) kubva pagirazi, mufananidzo wacho uri chinhambwe \(s' = s \) chiri kuseri kwegirazi.
Magirazi Akakombama uye Magirazi Akakombama
Kune mhando mbiri dzemagirazi akakombama:
1. Girazi rakakombama (rinotenderera): girazi rinoratidza rinokombama mukati. Rinogona kuunganidza mwaranzi yakafanana kuenda kunzvimbo imwe chete.
2. Girazi rine denderedzwa (rakapatsanurwa): pamusoro pechiedza chinopenya rinokombama. Rinoparadzira chiedza.
Nzvimbo Yekutarisisa uye Nharaunda Yekukombama
Mumagirazi akakombama zvinotevera zvinoshanda:
\[
f = \frac{R}{2}
\]
ne \( f \) chinangwa uye \( R \) nharaunda yekukombama.
Equation yegirazi rakakombama
Hukama huripo pakati pechinhambwe (s) chechinhu, chinhambwe chemufananidzo (s'), uye chinangwa (f) ndeichi:
\[
\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{s} + \frac{1}{s'}
\]
Kukura kwemufananidzo:
\[
M = \frac{h'}{h} = -\frac{s'}{s}
\]
Chiratidzo chekuramba chinoratidza mufananidzo wakapindurwa (wemufananidzo chaiwo).
4. Kubviswa kweChiedza
Kupatsanurwa kunoitika kana chiedza chikapfuura nemuganho wezvikamu zviviri zvine marefractive indices akasiyana, zvichichinja mafambiro acho. Semuenzaniso, uswa hunoita sehunotyoka kana hwakaiswa mugirazi remvura.
Index yeRefractive
Chiratidzo che refractive che medium chinotsanangurwa:
\[
n = \frac{c}{v}
\]
apo \( c \) iri kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum uye \( v \) iri kumhanya kwechiedza mu medium.
Kana \( n \) yakakura, chiedza chinononoka kufamba pakati nepakati.
Mutemo waSnell
Kuramba kunotsanangurwa nemutemo waSnell:
\[
n_1 \chivi \theta_1 = n_2 \chivi \theta_2
\]
apo \( \theta_1 \) iri kona yezviitiko uye \( \theta_2 \) iri kona ye refraction.
Kana chiedza chikapinda kubva panzvimbo isina chiedza chakawanda (semuenzaniso, mhepo) chichipinda munzvimbo ine chiedza chakawanda (semuenzaniso, girazi), mwaranzi inodzorwa kuenda kune yakajairika. Kusiyana neizvi, kubva pane ine chiedza chakawanda kuenda kune isina chiedza chakawanda, mwaranzi inodzorwa kubva pane yakajairika.
5. Kufungisisa Kwemukati Kwese
Kuratidzwa kwemukati kwese kunoitika kana chiedza chichifamba kubva panzvimbo ine denderedzwa kuenda kune isina denderedzwa uye kona yechiitiko yakakura kupfuura kona yakakosha. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, chiedza hachidzoreki kunze, asi chinoratidzwa chose.
Kona yekukosha (\( \theta_c \)) inogutsa:
\[
\sin \theta_c = \frac{n_2}{n_1}
\]
ne \( n_1 > n_2 \).
Kushandiswa kwakakosha kwekutarisa kwemukati kwese kuri mumafiber e optical, ayo anoshandiswa pakutaurirana kwedata nekukurumidza uye endoscopy yezvekurapa.
6. Magirazi Matete: Magirazi Akakombama uye Magirazi Akakombama
Lenzi chinhu chakajeka chinodzivisa chiedza. Zvichienderana nechimiro chayo:
1. Lenzi ine convex (convergent): inokora pakati, inounganidza mwaranzi yakafanana kune chinangwa.
2. Lenzi ine denderedzwa (yakasiyana-siyana): inotetepa pakati, inoparadzira chiedza.
Equation yeLenzi Tsvuku
Kune malenzi anoshanda:
\[
\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{s} + \frac{1}{s'}
\]
Zvakafanana negirazi, asi kududzirwa kwezviratidzo nenzvimbo yemufananidzo kunoenderana nerudzi rwelenzi.
Kukura:
\[
M = \frac{h'}{h} = \frac{s'}{s}
\]
Chiratidzo chekukudza chinogona kuratidza mufananidzo wakamira (wakanaka) kana wakapindurwa (wakaipa) zvichienderana nekubvumirana kwechiratidzo chakashandiswa.
Simba reLenzi (Simba reLenzi)
Simba remalenzi rinoratidzwa muma diopta (D):
\[
P = \frac{1}{f}
\]
ine \( f \) mumamita. Lenzi ine urefu hupfupi hwefocal ine simba guru.
7. Kuumbwa kweMvuri muZvishandiso Zvakasiyana-siyana zveOptical
Geometric optics ndiyo hwaro hwekunzwisisa zviridzwa zveoptical:
– Girazi rinokudza (loupe): rinoshandisa lenzi ine convex kugadzira mufananidzo chaiwo, wakatwasuka, uye wakakura.
– Kamera: inoshandisa lenzi ine denderedzwa kugadzira mufananidzo chaiwo, wakapindurwa pasensa kana firimu.
– Ziso remunhu: sisitimu yemaziso inoumba mifananidzo pa retina. Lenzi yeziso inogona kugamuchira (kuchinja kutarisa) kwedaro uye pedyo nekuona.
– Magirazi: magirazi anoshandiswa kugadzirisa matambudziko emaziso. Myopia (kuona zviri pedyo) inogadziriswa nemagirazi akakombama, nepo hyperopia (kuona zviri kure) inogadziriswa nemagirazi akakombama.
– Maikorosikopu nemateresikopu: shandisa musanganiswa wemalenzi kukudza zvinhu zvidiki kana zviri kure.
Penutup
Geometric optics inopa hurongwa huri nyore asi hune simba hwekudzidza zviitiko zvechiedza, kunyanya kufungisisa uye kupenya. Nekunzwisisa mitemo yekufungisisa, mutemo waSnell, hunhu hwemagirazi nemalenzi, uye pfungwa dzekutarisa nekuwedzera, tinogona kutsanangura mashandiro ezvishandiso zvakawanda zvemaziso zvakakosha muhupenyu hwemazuva ano. Kunyangwe geometric optics isinganyatso tarisa hunhu hwemafungu echiedza, inoramba iri hwaro hwakakosha hwekudzidza fizikisi uye matekinoroji akavakirwa pachiedza. Kunzwisisa zvakanaka geometric optics kunoita kuti tinzwisise misoro yepamusoro senge physical optics , kupindira, diffraction, uye polarization.
