Pfungwa yeSimba reNyukireya
Simba renyukireya ndeimwe yesimba rine simba uye rinokakavadzana mubudiriro yemazuva ano. Kune rumwe rutivi, rinogona kugadzira magetsi akawanda ane kabhoni shoma. Kune rumwe rutivi, simba renyukireya rinomutsa kunetseka nezvekuchengetedzeka kwereactor, marara ane mwaranzi, uye njodzi yekuwanda kwezvombo. Kuti tinzwisise kuti sei simba renyukireya rine simba rakadaro uye kuti rinogona kushandiswa sei, tinofanira kuongorora pfungwa dziri pasi pesimba: chimiro chenucleus yeatomu, masimba enyukireya, simba rinosunga, radioactivity, uye maitiro ekupatsanurwa nekusanganiswa zvinoshandura huremu kuita simba.
Maumbirwo eatomu uye nucleus
Maatomu anoumbwa nenucleus diki, yakakora yakakomberedzwa negore remaerekitironi. Musoro une mapurotoni ane charge yakanaka uye manyuturoni asina kwaakarerekera. Huremu hwese hweatomu hwakaungana munucleus, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo inochengetedza simba rakakura. Musoro wacho mudiki kanenge ka10.000 pane atomu rose, asi huremu hwawo hunopfuura 99,9% yehuremu hwese hweatomu.
Zvinofadza kuti, mapurotoni, ane simba rakafanana, anofanira kudzingana nekuda kwesimba remagetsi. Zvisinei, nucleus inoramba yakagadzikana nekuda kwesimba renyukireya rakasimba, simba guru rinoshanda munzvimbo pfupi (sefemtometer, 10⁻¹⁵ m) asi rakasimba kupfuura simba remagetsi padaro idzodzo. Simba renyukireya iri rakasimba ndiro rino "namatidza" mapurotoni nemanyuturoni munucleus.
Simba Rinobatanidza uye Kukanganisa Kwakawanda
Kugadzikana kwenyukireya kwakabatana nepfungwa yesimba rinosunga, iro riri simba rinodiwa kuti riparadzanise nucleus kuita mapurotoni nemanyuturoni ayo. Panyama, simba rinosunga rinomuka nekuti kana manucleon (maprotoni nemanyuturoni) akabatana kuti aumbe nucleus, huwandu hwese hwenucleus hunobuda hushoma pane huwandu hwehuwandu hwemanucleon ega ega. Musiyano uyu muhukuru unonzi mass defect.
Kukanganisika kwehuwandu kwakabatana zvakananga nesimba kuburikidza ne equation yakakurumbira yaEinstein:
E=m²
Nekuti kumhanya kwechiedza (c) kwakakura, kunyangwe kakukanganisika kadiki kunogona kuburitsa simba rakawanda. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru chinoita kuti ma "nuclear reactions" abudise simba rakawanda kupfuura ma "chemical reactions" (akadai sekupisa). Mu "chemical reactions", shanduko huru i "electron bonds" pakati pemaatomu; nepo mu "nuclear reactions", shanduko huru i "structure" ye "nucleus" pachayo.
Radioactivity: Kuora kweNyukireya
Haasi maatomu ese akagadzikana. Maatomu asina kugadzikana anozoora nemwaranzi kuti asvike padanho rakagadzikana. Kuora uku kunogona kutora chimiro che:
1. Alpha mwaranzi (α): kuburitswa kwe helium nucleus (mapurotoni maviri nemanyuturoni maviri).
2. Beta mwaranzi (β): kushanduka kwema neutron kuita ma proton (kana kuti zvinopesana) pamwe chete nekubuda kwemaerekitironi kana mapositron nema neutrinos.
3. Gamma mwaranzi (γ): kubuda kwemaphotoni ane simba rakawanda nekuda kwekushanduka kwenucleus kuenda kune simba rakaderera.
Kushandiswa kwemwaranzi kwakakosha kana tichitarisa simba renyukireya nekuti zvigadzirwa zvekuputika nemafuta enyukireya zvinowanzova nemwaranzi. Kunzwisisa mhando dzemwaranzi uye maitirwo ekudzivirira kwakakosha pakuchengetedza reactor uye kutonga marara.
Imwe pfungwa inokosha ndeye hafu yehupenyu, nguva inodiwa kuti huwandu hwemanyuchi ane radioactive huderere nehafu. Hafu yehupenyu inosiyana kubva pazvikamu zvesekondi kusvika kumamiriyoni emakore, izvo zvine zvazvinoreva zvakananga pamaitiro ekuchengetedza marara ane radioactive.
Kupatsanurwa kweNyukireya: Simba Rinobva Muzvirimwa zveSimba reNyukireya
Zvivako zvizhinji zvesimba renyukireya (NPPs) parizvino zvinoshanda zvichibva pakupatsanurwa kwenyukireya, kupatsanurwa kwemanuclei anorema kuita akareruka. Muenzaniso unonyanya kuzivikanwa ndewekuparara kweuranium-235 (U-235). Kana neutron "yabatwa" nenucleus yeU-235, nucleus inova isina kugadzikana (U-236) yobva yapatsanurwa kuita zvidimbu zviviri zvekupatsanurwa, ichiburitsa mamwe manyutroni pamwe nesimba muchimiro chesimba rekinetic rezvidimbu, gamma radiation, uye kupisa.
Simba rinoburitswa pachiitiko chega chega che fission riri pa order ye 200 MeV (mega-electron volts). Kana tichienzanisa nesimba re chemical reaction, iro riri eV shoma chete pamorekuru, musiyano wacho wakakura.
Maitiro Ekuita Nekuwanda Kwezvinhu
Chinhu chikuru chekushandisa kupatsanurwa kwemasero mu reactor ndeye chain reaction. MaNeutron anoburitswa kubva mukupatsanurwa kumwe chete anogona kukonzera kupatsanurwa kunotevera. Kuti chain reaction ienderere mberi zvakanaka, huwandu hwema neutron anokonzera kupatsanurwa kunotevera hunofanira "kuenzana." Pfungwa iyi inoratidzwa ne effective multiplication factor (kₑff):
– kₑff < 1 : reaction inoderedza (subcritical) - kₑff = 1 : reaction yakagadzikana (critical) - kₑff > 1 : reaction inowedzera (supercritical)
Ma "power reactors" anoshandiswa pedyo nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma (kₑff ≈ 1) kuti abudise kupisa nenzira inogara iripo uye inodzorwa.
Mutevedzeri, Rodhi Yekudzora, uye Chinhu Chinotonhodza
Maneutron eFission anowanzova nesimba rakawanda (maneutron anokurumidza). Zvisinei, mukana wekuti U-235 fission wakakwira kune maneutron anononoka (maneutron anopisa). Saka, ma reactor mazhinji anoshandisa mamoderators (semuenzaniso, mvura yakareruka, mvura inorema, kana graphite) kuti aderedze maneutron kuburikidza nekusangana.
Kuti vadzore huwandu hwema neutron, ma reactor anoshandisa ma control rods akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinotora ma neutron zvakaita se boron, cadmium, kana hafnium. Nekuisa kana kubvisa ma control rods, ma control rods anogona kuwedzera kana kuderedza mwero we fission reactions.
Kupisa kunobva kwaitwa kunozoendeswa nemuchina unotonhodza—kazhinji mvura—kune chinochinja-chinja kupisa kuti chigadzire utsi hunoshandura turbine nejenareta. Mupfungwa, chikamu chejenareta yeturbine chakafanana nezvimwe zvivako zvemagetsi zvinopisa; musiyano uri panobva kupisa.
Kusanganiswa kweNyukireya: Simba reNyeredzi neTariro Yeramangwana
Kunze kwekupatsanurwa, kune imwe nzira yenyukireya inogadzira simba guru: kubatanidzwa kwenyukireya, kubatana kwemanuclei echiedza kuita anorema. Muzuva, hydrogen inobatana kuti igadzire helium, ichiburitsa simba rinoita kuti nyeredzi dzipenye.
Nzira inonyanya kudzidzwa yekubatanidza simba paNyika ndeye deuterium–tritium (D–T):
D + T → He-4 + neutron + simba
Kusanganiswa kwemasero emvura (fusion) kune mukana mukuru nekuti mafuta ayo akawanda (deuterium inobva mumvura yegungwa) uye inogadzira marara ane radioactive asingatore nguva yakareba kupfuura kupatsanurwa. Zvisinei, matambudziko acho makuru: ma nuclei ane positive charged anodzingana, zvichida tembiricha yakakwira zvakanyanya (makumi kusvika kumazana emamiriyoni emadhigirii) kuti zvidimbu zvive nesimba rakakwana rekukunda chivharo cheCoulomb. Nekuti hapana mudziyo wezvinhu unogona kuva neplasma inopisa yakadaro, magnetic confinement (tokamak, stellarator) kana inertial confinement (ma lasers ane simba rakawanda) zvinoshandiswa.
Kunyangwe paine kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitwa, kubatanidzwa kwekugadzira magetsi ekutengeserana kuchiri kusangana nematambudziko ehunyanzvi akadai sekugadzikana kweplasma, zvinhu zvinodzivirira manyuturoni, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwehurongwa hwese.
Kubva kuSimba reNyukireya Kuenda kuMagetsi: Zvinhu zveThermodynamic
Panyama, chigayo chemagetsi chenyukireya imota inodziya. Simba rinogadzirwa nekupatsanurwa (kana, gare gare, fusion) rinozopedzisira rava simba rinodziya. Kupisa uku kunoshandiswa kugadzira utsi hunoshandura turbine. Nekuda kwemitemo yethermodynamics, kushanda zvakanaka kwekushandura kupisa kuita magetsi kunogumira pamusiyano wekupisa pakati penzvimbo inopisa nenzvimbo. Nokudaro, magadzirirwo ereactor anokwanisa kushanda pakupisa kwakakwira anowanzopa kushanda zviri nani, asi anodawo zvinhu zvepamusoro uye masisitimu ekuchengetedza.
Kuchengetedzeka uye Kupiswa Nemwaranzi: Maonero Emuviri
Kuchengetedzeka kwenyukireya kunobva pakunzwisisa maitiro emwaranzi uye reactor. Mwaranzi inokonzera ioni inogona kukuvadza tishu dzebhayoloji kana dose yacho yakakura zvakakwana. Nokudaro, mafekitori esimba renyukireya anoshandisa musimboti wekudzivirira wakadzama, une zvikamu zvekudzivirira: chifukidziro chemafuta, mudziyo wereactor, sisitimu yekutonhodza, uye chimiro chemuganho. Kubva pamaonero emuviri, chinangwa chikuru ndechekuchengetedza reaction ichidzorwa, kupisa kuchibviswa zvakanaka, uye zvigadzirwa zvemwaranzi zvichiparadzaniswa.
Penutup
Pfungwa dzesimba renyukireya dzinoshanda pasimba rekubatanidza nyukireya, kukanganisa kwehukuru, uye kushandurwa kwehukuru kuita simba kuburikidza neE = mc². Kupatsanurwa kunoshandisa kupatsanurwa kwemasero anorema uye maitiro echeni anodzorwa nevanogadzirisa uye tsvimbo dzekudzora, ukuwo fusion ichitevedzera maitiro anoshamisa nekubatanidza masero echiedza mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Maitiro ese ari maviri anoratidza simba guru rakachengetwa mukati memasero eatomu. Kunzwisisa fizikisi iyi kwakakosha kuitira kuti hurukuro pamusoro pesimba renyukireya dzisatungamirwe nekutya kana tariro chete, asiwo neruzivo rwesainzi nezve mashandiro anoita tekinoroji, mabhenefiti ayo, uye njodzi dzinofanira kutarisirwa zvine hungwaru.
