Hukama huripo pakati peMomentum neSimba
Mufizikisi, simba uye simba ipfungwa mbiri huru dzinogara dzichitaurwa pakukurukura nezvekufamba kwezvinhu, kugongana, uye mashandiro anoita michina. Kazhinji dzinonzwika zvakafanana nekuti dzese dzine chekuita nekufamba, asi dzinonyatsotsanangura zvinhu zvakasiyana. Simba rinoreva kuoma kwazvinoita kumisa chinhu chinofamba, nepo simba richireva kuti chinhu chinogona kuita basa rakawanda sei. Zvinonakidza kuti, pasinei nekusiyana kwazvo, simba zvine hukama hwakasimba hwemasvomhu uye zvinopindirana pakutsanangura zviitiko zvemuviri.
Kunzwisisa Kukurumidza
Muchidimbu, linear momentum (p) imhedzisiro yehukuru (m) uye velocity (v):
p = mv
Momentum inhamba yevector, zvichireva kuti ine hukuru uye gwara. Mota ine huremu hwe1.000 kg ichifamba ne20 m/s ine simba re:
p = 1.000 × 20 = 20.000 kg·m/s
Kana mota iri kufamba ichienda kumabvazuva, saka simba rayo riri kufambawo kumabvazuva. Chinhu chakakosha nezve simba ndechekuti ine hukama hwakasimba nepfungwa ye impulse, inova simba rinoshanda kwenguva yakati. Impulse inokonzera shanduko mu momentum:
I = F Δt = Δp
Saka, kuti chinhu chimire chine simba guru, simba guru kana kuti nguva yakareba yekumisa bhureki inodiwa.
Kunzwisisa Kinetic Energy
Simba rinonyanya kutaurwa nezvaro pamwe chete ne momentum i kinetic energy (Ek), inova simba iro chinhu chine nekuda kwekufamba kwacho. Fomura yacho ndeiyi:
Ek = ½ m v²
Kusiyana ne momentum, kinetic energy i scalar quantity (ine hukuru chete, kwete gwara). Semuenzaniso, funga nezvemota imwechete (m = 1.000 kg, v = 20 m/s):
Ek = ½ × 1.000 × (20)²
Ek = 500 × 400 = 200.000 joules
Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti simba remagetsi rinoenderana nehukuru hwespeed. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana velocity ikawedzera kaviri, simba remagetsi rinopetwa kane. Izvi zvinoita kuti simba rive rinokosha pakuongorora simba remotokari kana simba rinodiwa neinjini.
Musiyano Uripo Pakati Pesimba Nesimba
Kunyange zvazvo zvose zvichisanganisira kufamba, pane misiyano mikuru:
1. Kumhanya kunoenderana nekufamba (p ∝ v), nepo simba rekufamba (kinetic energy) richienderana nekufamba (Ek ∝ v²).
2. Simba rinonyanya kushanda, simba rinonyanya kushanda.
3. Simba riri muhurongwa hwakavharwa rinowanzo chengetedzwa (kuchengetedzwa kwesimba), kunyangwe kana simba rekinetic risingagare richichengetedzwa (semuenzaniso mukukonana kweinelastic).
4. Simba rinogona kushandura chimiro (kuita kupisa, ruzha, kushanduka), nepo simba rese rehurongwa richiramba rakafanana kana pasina simba rekunze.
Nemamwe mashoko, simba rinowanzova "mutemo" unoramba uripo mukuroverana, nepo simba richitsanangura "zvinoitika" mumhedzisiro yekuroverana.
Hukama hweMasvomhu pakati peMomentum neSimba
Kuti tienzanise zviviri izvi, tinogona kunyora velocity kubva pa momentum:
v = p / m
Wobva waitsiva ne kinetic energy formula:
Ek = ½ m (p/m)²
Ek = ½ m (p² / m²)
Ek = p² / (2m)
Saka hukama hwakakosha ndehwekuti:
Ek = p² / (2m)
Fomura iyi inoratidza kuti kune huremu hwakagadzika, simba rekinetic rinoenderana ne square ye momentum. Zvisinei, kune momentum imwechete, chinhu chine huremu hwakakura chichava nesimba shoma rekinetic. Izvi zvinoita sekunge hazvina musoro, asi zvine musoro nekuti kana huremu hwakakura uye momentum yakafanana, saka velocity inofanira kunge yakaderera.
Muenzaniso wekuenzanisa: Huremu Hudiki vs. Huremu Hukuru
Semuenzaniso, kune zvinhu zviviri zvine simba rakafanana, p = 10 kg·m/s.
– Kana m = 1 kg:
Ek = p²/(2m) = 100/(2×1) = 50 J
– Kana m = 10 kg:
Ek = 100/(2×10) = 5 J
Chinhu chakareruka chine simba rekufamba nekukurumidza nekuti chinofanira kufamba nekukurumidza kuti chisvike pakumhanya kwakafanana. Izvi zvakakosha muzviitiko zvakawanda; semuenzaniso, bara (huremu hudiki, kumhanya kwakanyanya) rine simba rakawanda pasinei nehuremu hwaro hudiki.
Hukama muKurwisana
Pakusangana kwemhepo, simba uye simba zvese zvine basa, asi mitemo yekuchengetedza zvinhu yakasiyana.
1. Kubonderana Kwakakwana Kwekusimba
Mukukonana kwakanyatsosimba (semuenzaniso, nemabhora ebhiriyadhi akakodzera), simba rese rekufamba nesimba uye simba rese rekufamba nesimba zvese zvinochengetedzwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti simba rese rekufamba mberi uye mushure mekukonana rakafanana, uye simba rese rekufamba nesimba harichinjiwo.
2. Kubonderana Kusina Kusimba
Muzviitiko zvakawanda zvinoitika panyika chaiyo (tsaona dzemotokari, zvinhu zvinodonha uye maburi), simba rese rinoramba rakachengetwa (kana masimba ekunze anogona kuregeredzwa), asi simba rekufamba rinoderera nekuti rinoshandurwa kuita simba rekupisa, ruzha, uye shanduko.
3. Kubonderana Kwakakwana Kusina Kusimba
Kana zvinhu zviviri zvakabatana mushure mekusangana, simba re "kinetic" rakarasika rinowanzova rakakura. Zvisinei, simba rinogona kushandiswa kuverenga kumhanya kwekupedzisira kwezvinhu zvakabatanidzwa.
Apa ndipo panowanikwa kuti simba ndiro chinhu chikuru chekuverenga kufamba kwekupedzisira kwehurongwa, nepo simba richitsanangura shanduko muchimiro chesimba dzinoitika panguva yechiitiko.
Kubatana Muhupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva
Tinogona kuona hukama huripo pakati pesimba remagetsi (momentum) uye simba mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana:
1. Kuchengetedzeka pakutyaira
Mota dzinomhanya zvakanyanya hadzisi dzakaoma kumisa chete (simba guru), asiwo dzine simba rakawanda kana dzasangana netsaona (simba rekufamba rinowedzera kana paine v²). Saka, miganhu yekumhanya yakakosha pakuchengetedza.
2. Mitambo
Kana mutambi webaseball akarova bhora, simba rinopfuudzwa. Chibhakera chinofamba nekukurumidza chinopa bhora simba rakawanda, ukuwo simba richitema kuti bhora racho rifambe kure zvakadii.
3. Zvombo nemabara
Bara rine huremu hudiki rinogona kuva nesimba rakawanda nekuda kwekumhanya kwaro kwakanyanya. Simba rakakoshawo nekuti rinoona kuti chombo chinodzokera shure sei, nekuda kwekuchengetedza simba racho.
4. Roketi
Roketi rinofamba mberi nekuti rinoburitsa magasi kumashure. Simba rese reroketi-gasi rinoramba riripo, ukuwo simba remakemikari remafuta richishandurwa kuita simba rekinetic reroketi nemagasi.
Sei Zvose Zvichikosha Zvakafanana?
Simba nekufamba kwenguva zvinopa maonero akasiyana pachiitiko chimwe chete. Kana uchida kunzwisisa kuti kumhanya kwezvinhu kunochinja sei panguva yekudyidzana, kufamba kwenguva refu ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushanda nekuda kwemutemo wekuchengetedza kumhanya kwenguva refu. Asi kana uchida kunzwisisa kuti basa rakawanda sei rinogona kuitwa, kukuvara kwakadini, kana kuti simba rakawanda sei rinodiwa, simba ipfungwa huru.
Nehukama hweEk = p²/(2m), fizikisi inoratidza kuti pfungwa mbiri idzi hadzisi nyika dzakasiyana. Dzakabatana zvakanyanya, asi imwe neimwe inoratidza chimwe chinhu chakasiyana: simba rinosimbisa "huwandu hwekufamba" hune gwara, nepo simba richisimbisa "kukwanisa kwebasa" kunogona kushandura chimiro.
Mhedziso
Simba reMomentum neKinetic zvese zvine chekuita nekufamba, asi zvine hunhu hwakasiyana uye mabasa. Momentum iVector Quantity p = Mv inochengetwa muClosed System, nepo Kinetic Energy iri scalar Quantity Ek = ½Mv² inogona kushandurwa kuita mamwe marudzi esimba. Izvi zviviri zvine hukama ne equation:
Ek = p² / (2m)
Kuburikidza nehukama uhwu, tinogona kunzwisisa kuti shanduko mukumhanya dzinokanganisa simba zvakanyanya kupfuura kumhanya, nekuti simba rinowedzera sechikamu chemhedziso. Mukuroverana, kuchengetedzeka kwemotokari, mitambo, uye kunyange tekinoroji yeroketi, kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pekumhanya nesimba kunotibatsira kutsanangura kufamba kwezvinhu zvizere uye nemazvo.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera mufananidzo wekuverenga kupopotedzana (kwakapfava uye kwakaneta) kana kugadzira chinyorwa chinozivikanwa zvikuru chevadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari/chesekondari.
