Dzidziso Pamusoro Pokuvapo kweAntimatter
Antimatter ndeimwe yepfungwa dzinonakidza zvikuru mufizikisi yemazuva ano nekuti inonzwika se "pamwe chete" wechinhu chatinoziva, asi chine hunhu hwakasiyana. Mukufungidzira kwakakurumbira, antimatter inowanzo kuratidzwa se superfuel kana chimwe chinhu chine njodzi nekuti inogona "kuputika" kana yasangana nechinhu. Zvisinei, kunze kwenyaya yesainzi, antimatter chinhu chaicho, chinoonekwa, chinogadzirwa, uye chinodzidzwa murabhoritari. Mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti: kana antimatter ichifanira kuvapo muhuwandu hwakaenzana nechinhu, nei muchadenga chatinoona chakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakawanda?
Kunzwisisa Antimatter uye Kutanga kweChirevo
Mufizikisi yezvikamu, chinhu chimwe nechimwe chekutanga chinowanzova nechinhu chinopesana nechinhu chimwe chete. Zvikamu zvine huremu hwakafanana nehwazvo, asi zvine simba remagetsi rakasiyana nedzimwe nhamba dze quantum. Muenzaniso uri nyore ielectron ine simba rakaipa, nepo chinhu chinopesana nechinhu chimwe chete ipositron ine simba rakaipa. Saizvozvowo, mapurotoni ane maantiproton, ma neutron ane maantineutron, nezvimwewo.
Pfungwa yeantimatter yakabva mukuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yequantum uye relativity. Mukupera kwema1920, Paul Dirac akagadzira Dirac equation kutsanangura maerekitironi nenzira ye relativistic. Iyi equation yakaburitsa mhinduro yemasvomhu iyo pakutanga yaishamisa: pamusoro pemhinduro yesimba rakanaka, paivewo nemhinduro yesimba "isina kunaka". Pane kuiramba, Dirac akatsanangura mhinduro iyi seyairatidza kuvapo kwechimwe chinhu chakafanana neerekitironi asi chine charge yakapesana. Kufanotaura uku kwakasimbiswa muna 1932 apo Carl Anderson akawana positron munzira yemwaranzi yecosmic. Kubva ipapo, antimatter yave chikamu chakakosha chefizikisi yezvikamu.
Kuti Antimatter "Iripo" Sei Muzvisikwa
Mudzidziso, antimatter inogona kuvapo kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana:
1. Kugadzira vaviri vaviri
Simba rakakwana rinogona kushanduka kuita ma "particle-antiparticle pairs". Semuenzaniso, "high-energy photon" inogona kugadzira ma "electron" ne "positron". Maitiro aya anoda mamiriro akaipisisa, akadai se "heavy atomic nuclei", pedyo nenyeredzi dze "neutron", kana mukusangana kwe "high-energy particles".
2. Mwaranzi yemuchadenga uye zviitiko zvemuchadenga
Antimatter inoumbwawo zvakasikwa kana mwaranzi yemuchadenga ikaroverana nemhepo kana zvinhu zviri pakati penyeredzi. Nokudaro, mapositron nemaantiproton zvinogona kuonekwa nezvishandiso zvemuchadenga. Zvisinei, huwandu hwazvo hudiki kwazvo, hwakaita se "guruva" kupfuura chikamu chikuru chemuchadenga.
3. Kusangana kwenyukireya kune simba guru
Muzviitiko zvinoshamisa zvakaita sekuputika kwe supernova, ma black hole jets, kana gamma-ray burst events, simba guru rinogona kukonzera zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira antiparticles.
Kunyangwe chiripo muzvisikwa, antimatter inowanzo "nyangarika" nekukurumidza kana yasangana nezvinhu uye yoparadzwa.
Kuparadzwa: Zvinhu Zvinosangana Nezvinhu Zvisina Kunaka
Kana chinhu chikasangana nechinhu chinopesana nacho, chinogona kuparadzana, zvichishandura huremu kuita simba, kazhinji muchimiro che gamma photons kana zvimwe zvinhu. Ndokusaka antimatter ichiratidzika se "isingawanzoitiki" muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva: nyika yedu inotongwa nezvinhu, saka kana paine antimatter yaizoonekwa, yaizokurumidzira kuroverana nezvinhu zvakaipoteredza.
Kuparadzwa hazvirevi "kunyangarika pasina kana chiratidzo," asi kushandurwa kwesimba zvichienderana nepfungwa yaEinstein yekuchengetedza simba nesimba guru (E=mc²). Maitiro aya ndiwo anoita kuti antimatter ive inokwezva simba zvakanyanya, asi yakaoma kushandisa nekuti kugadzirwa kwayo nekuchengetwa kwayo kwakaoma.
Dzidziso yeKusawirirana kweZvinhu-Antimatter (Baryon Asymmetry)
Imwe yemibvunzo mikuru mu cosmology ndeiyi: sei muchadenga muchitongwa nezvinhu? Dai Big Bang yakagadzira huwandu hwakaenzana hwezvinhu nezvinhu zvisingadiwi, zvingadai zvakaparadzana, zvichisiya muchadenga muzere nemwaranzi chete. Chokwadi chekuti magirakisi, nyeredzi, mapuraneti, nevanhu varipo chinoratidza kuti pakutanga paive ne "kuwedzera" kwezvinhu kupfuura zvinhu zvisingadiwi.
Chiitiko ichi chinonzi baryon asymmetry. Kuti vatsanangure kuti sei paine ma baryon akawanda (akadai sema proton nema neutron) kupfuura ma antibaryon, nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzinotaura nezvemamiriro ezvinhu anozivikanwa seSakharov conditions (1967), ayo ari mamiriro matatu ekuti pasi rose ibudise kusawirirana kwezvinhu:
1. Panofanira kuva nemaitiro anotyora kuchengetedzwa kwenhamba yebaryon.
2. Panofanira kunge paine kutyorwa kweC (charge) uye CP (charge-parity) symmetry.
3. Mamiriro ezvinhu kunze kwekuenzana kwekupisa anofanira kuitika.
MuStandard Model ye particle physics, CP impairment iripo (semuenzaniso, mukuora kwemamwe ma mesons), asi hukuru hwayo hahuratidzike sehwakakwana kutsanangura kutonga kwezvinhu zvatinoona. Izvi zvinovhura mukana wefizikisi itsva kunze kweStandard Model.
Kuenzanisa kweCPT uye Zvimiro zvePhysical zveAntimatter
Mukati mehurongwa hwepfungwa ye quantum field, pane musimboti unonzi CPT symmetry, musanganiswa wekuchinja kutatu: C (kutsiva zvidimbu ne antiparticles), P (kudzosera kumashure spatial coordinates segirazi), uye T (kudzosera kumashure divi renguva). Kazhinji, dzidziso dzinoenderana ne relativity uye quantum mechanics dzinofanotaura kuti CPT inofanira kuchengetedzwa.
Saka, antimatter inofanira kunge iine hunhu hwakafanana nezvinhu, zvakaita sehukuru hwakafanana uye atomic energy spectrum imwechete (ine zviratidzo zvekuchaja zvakasiyana). Kuedza kwakaringana, kusanganisira kuyerwa kweantihydrogen, kunoramba kuchiyedza kana antimatter yakafanana nezvinhu mune zvese zvakafanotaurwa. Kusvika parizvino, hapana mutsauko unotyora CPT wakawanikwa, asi bvunzo dziri kuramba dzichiwedzera kuoma nekufamba kwenguva.
Antihydrogen uye Kuedza Kubata Antimatter
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chakaitika kwaive kubudirira kugadzirwa nekubata antihydrogen, atomu yakaumbwa ne antiproton ne positron. Kuedza kwakaitwa paCERN, kwakadai seALPHA, kwakabata antihydrogen mu magnetic trap kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti ione hunhu hwayo. Kuyera spectrum ye antihydrogen zvichienzaniswa neye hydrogen yakajairika kunopa nzira inonyanya kunzwisisika yekuedza symmetries dzakakosha.
Dambudziko guru mukutsvaga nezvezvinhu zvine chekuita nekuchengetedza zvinhu nderekuchengetera zvinhu. Zvinhu hazvina kuchengetwa mumidziyo yakajairika nekuti zvinogona kusangana nemadziro, ayo anoumbwa nezvinhu zvine chekuita nedenga. Saka, electromagnetic traps inoshandiswa mumhepo ine vacuum yakawanda uye tembiricha yakaderera kuti zvidimbu zvikwanise "kubuda" pasina kusangana nezvinhu zvine chekuita nedenga.
Antimatter neGravity: Ndizvo Zvakafanana Here?
Mumwe mubvunzo unonakidza: antimatter inopindura sei kugravity? Zvichienderana nedzidziso ye general relativity, gravity inoenderana nesimba nehuremu, saka antimatter inofanira kuwira pasi sezvinhu. Zvisinei, kuyera izvi zvakananga kwakaoma zvikuru nekuti antimatter yakaoma kugadzira uye kuchengeta.
Kuedza kwemazuva ano kunoedza kuyera kukurumidza kwekudonha kweantihydrogen. Kana zvikaonekwa kuti antimatter inodonha zvakasiyana, ingava kuwanikwa kukuru kwaizokanganisa kunzwisisa kwedu simba rinokwevera pasi uye kuenzana kwezvisikwa. Asi dzidziso zhinji dzinofanotaura kuti hapana musiyano mukuru; zvavanotsvaga zvidiki zvinogona kutsauka zvinogona kuratidza fizikisi itsva.
Dzidziso yeAntimatter muCosmology: Pane "Chisikwa cheAntimatter" Here?
Imwe pfungwa yagara iripo mu cosmology ndeyekuti nzvimbo dzakakura dzemuchadenga dzine zvinhu zvisingadiwi, dzakadai semagalaxies e antimatter kana mapoka emagalaxies. Kana zviri zvechokwadi, muganhu unosangana zvinhu nezvisingadiwi waizoburitsa mwaranzi ye gamma inoratidza kuparadzwa kukuru.
Kusvika pari zvino, ongororo dzezvemuchadenga hadzina kuwana humbowo hwakasimba hwe "antimatter domain" iri pedyo ne cosmological distances. Data re gamma-ray uye kuyerwa kwe cosmic ray kunoratidza kuti muchadenga chinoonekwa chinotongwa nezvinhu. Zvisinei, kutsvaga kuri kuenderera mberi, semuenzaniso, uchishandisa ma detector ari muchadenga anotsvaga antihelium nuclei kana mamwe ma antiparticles anorema asingawanzoonekwi.
Penutup
Dzidziso yekuvapo kweantimatter haisi kungofungidzira chete, asi chikamu chaicho chefizikisi, chakasimbiswa kuburikidza nekuyedza. Antimatter iripo semhedzisiro yakanaka ye equation dzakakosha dze relativistic quantum mechanics, dzakaratidzwa kuburikidza nekuwanikwa kwepositron, kugadzirwa kweantiparticles mu accelerators, uye kugadzirwa kwe antihydrogen. Zvisinei, chakavanzika chikuru chinoramba chiripo: nei muchadenga "chichisarudza" chinhu pane antimatter?
Kuti vapindure mubvunzo uyu, masayendisiti ari kuedza kuona kana paine kukanganiswa kweCP, vachienzanisa zvinhu zvehydrogen neantihydrogen, uye vachiongorora kuti antimatter inoita sei mugiravhiti. Kuyera kwega kwega kuri kuwedzera kwakanyatsojeka kunogona kuvhura musuwo wekunzwisisa kutsva kwemavambo echisiko chose, mitemo yacho huru, uye pamwe kunyange fizikisi iri kunze kweStandard Model. Antimatter, pakupedzisira, haisi kungopesana nechinhu, asi girazi rinogona kuratidza kana kunzwisisa kwedu zvakasikwa kwakakwana kana kuti kuchine zvakavanzika zvakadzama.
