Dzidziso yeRudzi neMadzinza muAnthropology
Kukurukurirana nezverudzi nedzinza ndeimwe yenyaya dzinokosha—uye dzinonyanya kukosha—mukudzidza nezvevanhu. Anthropology, sesainzi inodzidza vanhu muzvikamu zvavo zvehupenyu, zvemagariro evanhu, uye zvetsika, ine nhoroondo refu yekudzidza kusiyana kwevanhu. Zvisinei, chidzidzo ichi chakachinjawo zvikuru: kubva panguva iyo pfungwa ye "rudzi" yakashandiswa kupatsanura vanhu muhurongwa, kusvika kune nzira yemazuva ano inosimbisa kuti rudzi runonzwisiswa zviri nani sechivakwa chemagariro evanhu , nepo rudzi ruchinzwisiswa sehunhu hunoshanduka hwemagariro evanhu.
1. Rudzi: Kubva kuChikamu cheBiological kusvika kuSocial Construction
Muzana remakore rechi18 nerechi19, pfungwa dzemuEurope pamusoro perudzi dzakashanduka pamwe chete neutongi hwenyika, kuwedzera kweumambo, uye kukura kwesainzi yemazuva ano. Masayendisiti panguva iyoyo aiisa vanhu mumapoka zvichienderana nehunhu hwemuviri hwakaita seruvara rweganda, chimiro chedehenya, kana magadzirirwo ebvudzi. Kuisa mumapoka uku kwaiwanzova kusina kwakarerekera asi kwaikonzerwa nezvematongerwo enyika: rudzi rwaishandiswa kururamisa uranda, kutonga kwekoloni, uye kusaenzana kwevanhu munharaunda.
Mukudzidza kwevanhu vekare, tsika yeanthropometry—kuyerwa kwemuviri wemunhu—yakabuda, ichibatanidza kusiyana kwezvipenyu nezvinotaurwa nezvehungwaru hweboka, tsika, kana "kufambira mberi." Tsika iyi ndiyo yakaumba hwaro hwezvaizozonzi rusaruraganda rwesainzi. Kunyange zvazvo yaionekwa seyesainzi panguva iyoyo, nzira iyi yava kunzwisiswa seine dambudziko nekuti yaienzanisa kusiyana kwemuviri nehunhu hwepfungwa kana kugona kwevanhu, pasinei nehumbowo hwakasimba hwesainzi husingatsigire kubatana kwakadaro.
Kufambira mberi mumajini muzana remakore rechi20 nerechi21 kwakawedzera kushoropodzwa kwepfungwa yekuti rudzi rwevanhu rune mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvipenyu. Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti kusiyana kwemajini evanhu kwakakura mukati memapoka anoonekwa se "marudzi" kupfuura pakati pavo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti miganhu yemarudzi haina kujeka. Kusiyana kwemuviri kuripo, asi hakuumbi mapakeji akasiyana emajini sezvakafungidzirwa mupfungwa yekare yerudzi.
Saka, dzidziso dzemazuva ano dzevanhu dzinoona rudzi senzvimbo yemagariro evanhu: chikamu chinogadzirwa, chinochengetwa, uye chinopa zvinoreva kuburikidza nenhoroondo, zvematongerwo enyika, uye masangano evanhu. Rudzi "runoshanda" munharaunda - ruchikanganisa mukana wekuwana dzidzo, mabasa, kuchengetedzeka, uye hutano - pasinei nekushaikwa kwaro hwaro hwakasimba hwezvipenyu sechikamu chevanhu.
2. Rudzi: Hukama uye Tsika Dzinochinja-chinja
Kusiyana nerudzi, urwo runowanzobatanidzwa nehunhu hwemuviri, rudzi runowanzoreva kuzivikanwa kweboka rine chekuita netsika dzakadai semutauro, tsika, nhoroondo, chitendero, tsika, uye pfungwa yekwakabva zvakafanana. Zvisinei, rudzi haruna kumira. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinosimbisa kuti rudzi runoshanduka-shanduka, rwunochinja zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu emagariro evanhu, ehupfumi, uye ezvematongerwo enyika.
Mumwe wevanhu vakakosha mudzidziso yemadzinza ndiFredrik Barth, kunyanya kuburikidza nepfungwa yake yemiganhu yemadzinza. Barth akasimbisa kuti chinonyanya kukosha mumadzinza hakusi kusiyanisa kunoonekwa kwe "zviri mukati metsika," asi miganhu yemagariro inosiyanisa boka se "isu" uye "ivo." Miganhu iyi inogona kuchengetedzwa kunyangwe kana zvinhu zvetsika zvichichinja. Nemamwe mashoko, mapoka emadzinza haagari aripo nekuti tsika dzavo hadzichinji, asi nekuda kwemaitiro emagariro anogara achisimbisa kusiyana uye nhengo.
Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, rudzi runogona kuva chikonzero chekubatana, kudada, uye rutsigiro rwevanhu. Kune rumwe rutivi, rudzi runogonawo kupindira mune zvematongerwo enyika—semuenzaniso, mumakwikwi ezviwanikwa, sarudzo, kusawirirana pakati pemapoka, kana mitemo yekuzivikanwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu enyika dzemazuva ano, rudzi runowanzobatanidzwa nenyaya dzevashoma, kutama, kubatanidzwa, uye kuzivikanwa kwekodzero dzetsika.
3. Dzidziso Huru dzeRudzi neMadzinza
Mukudzidza nezvevanhu nesainzi yezvemagariro evanhu, kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzedzidziso dzekunzwisisa rudzi nerudzi:
a. Kutenda mukuva munhu wekutanga
Maitiro ekutanga anoona hukama hwemadzinza se "hwechisikigo," hwakasimba, uye hwakavakirwa pamavambo akafanana, ropa, nyika yekumusha, kana tsika dzakapfuudzwa nezvizvarwa. Maonero aya anobatsira kutsanangura chikonzero nei kuzivikanwa kwerudzi inogona kunzwa yakadzama uye ine simba. Zvisinei, dzidziso yekuti zvinhu zvakatanga kare inowanzotsoropodzwa nekuda kwetsika yayo yekufungidzira kuti kuzivikanwa kwerudzi sechinhu chakagadziriswa uye chisingachinji, kunyangwe humbowo hwezvakaitika huchiratidza kuti kuzivikanwa kweboka kunogona kuchinjwazve.
b. Kushandiswa kwezvishandiso
Kudzidzisa nezvemarudzi kunoona rudzi sechishandiso chinogona kushandiswa kuzadzisa zvinangwa—semuenzaniso, kuwana simba rezvematongerwo enyika, kuwana pfuma, kana kuunganidza vanhu vakawanda. Mumaonero aya, vakuru vezvematongerwo enyika kana vatungamiriri venharaunda vanogona kusimbisa kuzivikanwa kwerudzi kuti vawane rutsigiro. Kutsoropodzwa: rudzi harusi "chishandiso" chete nguva dzose; kune vanhu vazhinji, chiitiko chechokwadi uye chine chinangwa muhupenyu.
c. Kuvaka
Kuvaka kwave nzira inonyanya kushandiswa mukudzidza nezvevanhu vemazuva ano. Kunosimbisa kuti hunhu hwemadzinza nehwemadzinza hunoumbwa kuburikidza nemaitiro enhoroondo, kudyidzana kwevanhu, mitemo yenyika, uye hukama hwemasimba. Kuvaka hakurevi kuti hunhu "hwenhema," asi kunoratidza kuti hunovakwa uye hunotauriranwa. Rudzi nerudzi zvine simba guru, kunyangwe nzira dzazvinoumbwa nadzo dziri dzenhoroondo yemagariro evanhu.
d. Maitiro ehupfumi hweMaumbirwo uye Zvematongerwo enyika
Maitiro aya anoongorora kuti hutongi hwehupfumi, hutongi hwekoloni, uye maumbirwo ehurumende anoumba sei mapoka emarudzi nemadzinza. Rudzi nemadzinza zvinonzwisiswa kuti zvine hukama hwakasimba nemabasa, kupatsanurwa kwemapoka, kutama, uye marongero ebudiriro. Semuenzaniso, mamwe mapoka emadzinza anogona kunge akabatana nemabasa chaiwo, kupatsanurwa kwekugara, kana kuwana mabasa eruzhinji akasiyana. Maitiro aya anoratidza kuti kuzivikanwa hakusi kwetsika chete asiwo nezvekugoverwa kwezviwanikwa.
4. Rudzi, Rudzi, uye Simba: Zvidzidzo kubva muNhoroondo
Anthropology inodzidzawo kubva munguva yayo yekare. Munguva yekoloni, kumwe kutsvagurudza kwevanhu kwakashandiswa kutsigira hutongi hwekoloni. Mapoka e "dzinza," "rudzi," kana "vanhu veko" dzimwe nguva aishandiswa kudzora vanhu, kuona mitero, kana kuona kuti ndiani aionekwa se "anhasi" uye ndiani aionekwa se "akajairika."
Nhasi uno, nyanzvi zhinji dzezvevanhu dzinosimbisa kukosha kwekufungisisa zvakadzama (reflexivity): vachiziva kuti ruzivo rwesainzi haruuyi muchivande, asi runogara rwakabatana nesimba. Kuburikidza nekufungisisa zvakadzama, anthropology inotsvaga kuisa zviitiko zvemapoka akasiyiwa sechikamu chikuru chekuongorora, ichiramba zvirevo zvepfungwa dzinoita kuti vanhu vaderedze kumapoka ezvehupenyu kana tsika.
5. Mamiriro Ezvinhu muIndonesia: Kusiyana-siyana, Kuzivikanwa, uye Matambudziko
Indonesia inyika ine kusiyana kukuru kwemadzinza, mitauro, uye tsika. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, hurukuro dzemadzinza dzinova dzakakosha munyaya dzakadai sekubatana kwenyika, kuzvitonga kwedunhu, kodzero dzevanhu veko, kusawirirana kwevanhu, uye zvematongerwo enyika. Kuzivikanwa kwemadzinza kunogona kubuda zvakanyanya mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu - semuenzaniso, panguva dzemakwikwi ehupfumi kana kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika - asi kunogonawo kuderera kana kubatana kwemapoka akasiyana-siyana kuchisimbiswa, semuenzaniso kuburikidza nedzidzo, kukura kwemaguta, uye kuroorana kwevanhu vemadzinza akasiyana.
Zvichakadaro, pfungwa yerudzi muIndonesia ine nhoroondo yakasiyana nedzimwe nyika, asi inoramba iripo muchimiro chehutongi, rusarura rweganda, uye mapoka chaiwo evanhu akagarwa nhaka kubva munguva yekoloni uye akaumbwa netsika dzakakurumbira . Anthropology inobatsira kujekesa kuti mapoka aya evanhu anoumbwa sei uye kuti anoshanda sei mutsika dzekusarura kana kodzero.
6. Kesimpulan
Dzidziso dzerudzi nedzemadzinza muzvidzidzo zvevanhu dzinoratidza kuti kusiyana kwevanhu hakugone kutsanangurwa chete kuburikidza nebiology kana tsika. Rudzi, mupfungwa yemazuva ano, runonzwisiswa zviri nani sechivakwa chemagariro evanhu chine mhedzisiro chaiyo pahupenyu. Rudzi itsika nemagariro evanhu zvinoshanduka, zvinoumbwa nemiganhu yemagariro evanhu, nhoroondo, uye hukama hwesimba.
Nekubatanidza ongororo yezvehupenyu, nhoroondo, uye tsika, anthropology yemazuva ano inotsvaga kubvisa fungidziro dzakagara dziripo dzinotsigira hutongi hwevanhu uye kunzwisisa kuti kuumbwa nekuchengetwa kwemapoka evanhu kunoitwa sei. Pakupedzisira, kudzidza nezverudzi nemadzinza hakusi kwekungoronga chete, asi nezveruramisiro, kuzivikanwa, uye kuti tinonzwisisa sei vanhu munharaunda ine vanhu vakasiyana-siyana uye vakabatana.
