Zitsanzo za mafunso okhudza kufanana kwa mankhwala m'dziko la mafakitale

Zitsanzo za Mafunso Okhudza Kufanana kwa Mankhwala mu Dziko la Mafakitale

Kulinganiza kwa mankhwala ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri mu chemistry ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana a mafakitale. Mu chemical reaction, kulinganiza kumachitika pamene liwiro la forward reaction likufanana ndi liwiro la reverse reaction, kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa ma reactants ndi zinthu kumakhalabe kofanana pakapita nthawi. Mafakitale ambiri, monga mankhwala, petrochemicals, ndi kukonza chakudya, amadalira kwambiri kumvetsetsa ndi kuwongolera kulinganiza kwa mankhwala kuti akonze bwino kupanga ndi kugwira ntchito bwino. Nkhaniyi ikambirana zitsanzo zingapo za mavuto okhudzana ndi kulinganiza kwa mankhwala m'mafakitale ndi momwe angawathetsere.

Chitsanzo Funso 1: Makampani Opanga Ammonia (Njira ya Haber-Bosch)

Funso:
Njira ya Haber-Bosch imapanga ammonia (NH2)₃) kuchokera ku nayitrogeni (N₂) ndi haidrojeni (H₂) malinga ndi momwe zinthu zinachitikira:
\[ \text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_3(g) \]

Pa 500 K, chilinganizo chokhazikika (K _c ) cha izi ndi 6.0 x 10^-2. Ngati tiyamba ndi 1.00 mol N ₂ ndi 3.00 mol H ₂ mu reactor yokhala ndi voliyumu ya 1.00 L, werengani kuchuluka kwa gawo lililonse pa chilinganizo.

Kukambirana:
1. Dziwani kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu dongosolo.
\[ \text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_3(g) \]
Lolani x ikhale ma moles a NH₃ zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi yofanana, ndiye kuti kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga kumakhala motere:
- N₂: -x mol/L
- H₂: -3x mol/L
– NH₃: +2x mol/L

2. Konzani equation ya equilibrium kutengera equilibrium constant (K)_c):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NH}_3]^2}{[\text{N}_2][\text{H}_2]^3} = 6.0 \times 10^{-2}
\]
Kuyang'ana koyamba ndi kusintha kwa kuyang'ana:
– [N]₂] = 1.00 – x
– [H₂] = 3.00 – 3x
– [NH]₃] = 2x

3. Ikani mfundo izi mu equation yofanana:
\[
6.0 \nthawi 10^{-2} = \frac{(2x)^2}{(1.00 – x)(3.00 – 3x)^3}
\]

4. Werengani mtengo wa x pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera ndi yolakwika kapena njira zina zamanambala kuti muthetse equation.

Pambuyo powerengera, timapeza x = 0.46. Kotero:
– [N]₂] = 1.00 – 0.46 = 0.54 mol/L
– [H₂] = 3.00 – 3(0.46) = 1.62 mol/L
– [NH]₃] = 2(0.46) = 0.92 mol/L

Chitsanzo Funso 2: Makampani Opanga Sulfuric Acid (Njira Yolumikizirana)

Funso:
Mu njira yolumikizirana, kusintha kwa sulfure dioxide (SO2)₂) mu sulfure trioxide (SO2)₃) kudzera mu yankho:
\[ 2\malemba{SO}_2(g) + \malemba{O}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\malemba{SO}_3(g) \]

Chilinganizo chokhazikika (K _c ) cha izi pa 600 K ndi 350. Ngati reactor ili ndi 0.50 mol SO ₂ , 0.25 mol O ₂ , ndi 0.10 mol SO ₃ , werengani kuchuluka kwa zigawozo pa chilinganizo mu voliyumu ya 2.00 L.

Kukambirana:
1. Dziwani kuchuluka koyambirira:
– [CHONCHO₂]_awa = 0.50 mol / 2.00 L = 0.25 M
– [O₂]_awa = 0.25 mol / 2.00 L = 0.125 M
– [CHONCHO₃]_awa = 0.10 mol / 2.00 L = 0.05 M

2. Lolani x ikhale kusintha kwa SO concentration.₃ zomwe zimapangidwa pamlingo woyenera:
– [CHONCHO₂]: 0.25 – x
– [O₂]: 0.125 – \(\frac{x}{2}\)
– [CHONCHO₃]: 0.05 + x

3. Ikani mu equation yofanana:
\[
350 = \frac{(0.05 + x)^2}{(0.25 – x)^2 \cdot (0.125 – \frac{x}{2})}
\]

4. Pothetsa equation iyi (pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya manambala kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chowerengera chokonzedwa), zimapezeka kuti x = 0.165. Kenako:
– [CHONCHO₂] = 0.25 – 0.165 = 0.085 M
– [O₂] = 0.125 – \(\frac{0.165}{2}\) = 0.0425 M
– [CHONCHO₃] = 0.05 + 0.165 = 0.215 M

Chitsanzo Funso 3: Kupanga Ethylbenzene

Funso:
Pakupanga ethylbenzene, styrene imapangidwa ndi dehydrogenation ya ethylbenzene (C).₆H₅CH₂CH₃):
\[ \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_3(g) \rightleftharpoons \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH=CH}_2(g) + \text{H}_2(g) \]

Ngati chokhazikika cha equilibrium (K _c ) cha reaction iyi pa 700 K ndi 2.5, ndipo poyamba pali 1.0 mol ya ethylbenzene mu voliyumu ya 1.0 L, werengani kuchuluka kwa equilibrium.

Kukambirana:
1. Dziwani kuchuluka koyambirira:
– [C]₆H₅CH₂CH₃] = 1.0 M
– [C]₆H₅CH=CH₂] = 0 M (chifukwa sichinawonongeke)
– [H₂] = 0 M

2. Lolani x ikhale kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa C₆H₅CH=CH₂ zomwe zimapangidwa pamlingo woyenera:
– [C]₆H₅CH₂CH₃]: 1.0 – x
– [C]₆H₅CH=CH₂]: x
– [H₂]: x

3. Ikani mu equation yofanana:
\[
2.5 = \frac{x \cdot x}{1.0 – x} = \frac{x^2}{1.0 – x}
\]

4. Pothetsa equation iyi ya quadratic, zimapezeka kuti x = 0.62. Kenako:
– [C]₆H₅CH₂CH₃] = 1.0 – 0.62 = 0.38 M
– [C]₆H₅CH=CH₂] = 0.62 M
– [H₂] = 0.62 M

Mu zitsanzo zitatu izi, taona momwe lingaliro la mgwirizano wa mankhwala limagwiritsidwira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana a mafakitale. Mgwirizano wa mankhwala ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri komanso yofunika kwambiri pazochitika zamakampani, chifukwa kuwongolera molondola mgwirizano wa mankhwala kungathandize kukonza bwino ntchito yopanga komanso ubwino wa zinthu. Kumvetsetsa bwino mgwirizano wa mankhwala kumathandiza injiniya kapena katswiri wa mafakitale kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino njira.