Sayansi

Masikelo a Celsius ndi Fahrenheit ndi masikelo osiyana a kutentha. Ngati kutentha kwa chinthu kumayesedwa ndi kufotokozedwa mu Celsius kenako tikufuna kufotokoza kutentha kwa chinthucho mu Fahrenheit, timasintha kuchoka ku Celsius kupita ku Fahrenheit. Mu gawo lino, tikuphunzira momwe tingasinthire kapena kusintha kutentha.

Pa kupanikizika kwa 1 atm, kutentha kwa ayezi kwa thermometer ya Celsius = 0 ^oC, pomwe sikelo ya thermometer ya Fahrenheit = 32 ^oF. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pa kupanikizika kwa 1 atm, kutentha kwa nthunzi ya thermometer ya Celsius scale = 100 ^oC, pomwe sikelo ya thermometer ya Fahrenheit = 212 ^oF. Yang'anani chithunzi chili pansipa!

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Mitundu ya Mulingo wa Thermometer

Kuti thermometer igwiritsidwe ntchito poyeza kutentha, iyenera kufotokozedwa pa sikelo. Masikelo awiri a thermometer omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi sikelo ya Celsius ndi sikelo ya Fahrenheit. Sikelo ya kutentha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Indonesia ndi sikelo ya Celsius. Dzina lina la sikelo ya Celsius ndi sikelo ya centigrade. Centigrade = masitepe zana. Sikelo ya Fahrenheit nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States kapena mayiko omwe ali ndi nyengo yozizira. Sikelo yofunika kwambiri ya kutentha mu sayansi ndi sikelo ya absolute, kapena sikelo ya Kelvin. Sikelo ya Kelvin idzakambidwa pambuyo pake.

Masikelo a Celsius ndi Fahrenheit amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ozizira komanso otentha ngati malo okhazikika. Malo ozizira a chinthu ndi kutentha komwe magawo olimba ndi amadzimadzi ali mu kutentha koyenera . Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutentha komwe kuwira kwa chinthu ndi kutentha komwe magawo amadzimadzi ndi mpweya ali mu kutentha koyenera. Malo ozizira komanso otentha nthawi zonse amasintha ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya, kotero kuthamanga kwa mpweya kuyenera kudziwika kaye. Nthawi zambiri timagwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwa mpweya, komwe ndi 1 atm (mlengalenga umodzi). Mlengalenga ndi gawo la kuthamanga kwa mpweya.

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Kuyeza thermometer ndi njira yopangira sikelo pa thermometer. Nazi njira zina zoyezera thermometer . Choyamba , konzani thermometer ya mercury kapena thermometer ya mowa popanda sikelo. Chachiwiri , konzani ayezi wokwanira. Chachitatu , konzani madzi okwanira. Chachinayi , konzani chotenthetsera madzi chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha madziwo mpaka atawira. Chachisanu , ikani ayezi ndi madzi mu chidebe (madzi ndi ayezi ali ndi kulemera kofanana). Pambuyo pake, ikani thermometer mu chidebe chomwe chili ndi madzi ndi ayezi.

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Thermometer ndi chipangizo chopangidwa kuti chiyese kutentha . Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma thermometer, koma onse amagwira ntchito mofanana. Nthawi zambiri, timagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyezera kutentha, zomwe zimasintha ndi kutentha. Ngati kutentha kwa chinthu kumasintha, mawonekedwe ake ndi kukula kwake zimasinthanso. Ma thermometer ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe zimakula kapena kufupika ndi kusintha kwa kutentha.

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Lamulo la Zeroth la Zinthu za Thermodynamics

Mpaka pano, tangoganizira za mgwirizano wa kutentha womwe umakumana ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zakhudzana. Kuti timvetse bwino lingaliro la mgwirizano wa kutentha, tiyeni tione zinthu zitatu (tizitchule chinthu A, chinthu B, ndi chinthu C). Mwachitsanzo, zinthu B ndi C sizikugwirizana, koma chinthu A chikukhudzana ndi chinthu B ndipo chinthu A chikukhudzana ndi chinthu C. Onani chithunzi chili pansipa.

Chifukwa chakuti zikugwirana, zinthu A ndi B zili mu mgwirizano wa kutentha, ndipo zinthu A ndi C zili mu mgwirizano wa kutentha. Kodi zinthu B ndi C, zomwe sizikugwirana, zilinso mu mgwirizano wa kutentha?

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Zinthu Zofanana ndi Kutentha

Kodi munamwapo tiyi wozizira? Tiyi wozizira amapangidwa posakaniza madzi otentha a tiyi ndi ayezi. Pambuyo powasakaniza kapena kuwasiya kwa masekondi kapena mphindi zingapo, chisakanizo cha madzi otentha a tiyi ndi ayezi chimasanduka tiyi wozizira wozizira. Madzi otentha a tiyi amakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu, pomwe ayezi amakhala ndi kutentha kochepa. Madzi otentha a tiyi akasakanizidwa ndi ayezi m'chidebe monga galasi, kutentha kwina kuchokera ku madzi otentha kumasamutsidwira ku ayezi, kotero kutentha kwa tiyi wozizira kumakhala kotsika kuposa kutentha kwa madzi otentha komanso kokwera kuposa kutentha kwa ayezi.

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Kodi mumamva bwanji mukavala zovala zakuda tsiku lotentha kapena mukamachita masewera olimbitsa thupi masana? Yerekezerani ndi kuvala zovala zoyera? Ngati muvala zovala zakuda masana, mudzamva kutentha mosavuta. N’chifukwa chiyani zili choncho? Mtunda pakati pa dzuwa ndi dziko m’mawa ndi wofanana ndi mtunda pakati pa dzuwa ndi dziko lapansi masana ndi madzulo. Ndiye n’chifukwa chiyani m’mawa ndi madzulo zimakhala zozizira, ndipo masana zimakhala zotentha kwambiri? Yankho la mafunso awa likugwirizana ndi kusamutsa kutentha ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa.

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Ngati mutakhala pampando wamatabwa, pamwamba pa mpando wamatabwa pamakhala potentha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati mutakhala pampando wopangidwa ndi pulasitiki kapena chitsulo, pamwamba pa mpando wachitsulo kapena pulasitiki pamakhala potentha mukatha kukhalapo. N’chifukwa chiyani pamwamba pa mpando wamatabwa pamakhala potentha, pomwe pamwamba pa mpando wachitsulo pamakhala potentha? N’chifukwa chiyani kugona pansi pozizira popanda matiresi kungayambitse ululu? Kodi munayamba mwavalapo jekete lozizira? N’chifukwa chiyani majekete ambiri ozizira amapangidwa ndi ubweya? Pali zinthu zambiri zoti muganizire ndi kufunsa zokhudzana ndi nkhani yokhudza kusamutsa kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito conduction.

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Kodi munayamba mwakhalapo pagombe tsiku lowala? Pa tsiku lowala, nthawi zonse pamakhala mphepo yochokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda pagombe. N’chifukwa chiyani nthawi zonse pamakhala mphepo pagombe ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani mphepo ya m’nyanja (mphepo yochokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda) imachitika masana, ndipo mphepo ya kumtunda (mphepo yochokera kumtunda kupita kunyanja) imachitika usiku? N’chifukwa chiyani mitambo imatsika pamapiri nthawi yamvula? N’chifukwa chiyani mphepo imamveka yozizira? Mayankho a mafunso awa akukhudzana ndi kutentha kwa dziko ndi nyanja, kukula, kuchulukana , ndi kusamutsa kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito convection ( kusamutsa kutentha ). Mukamvetsetsa bwino nkhaniyi, mutha kuyankha mafunso omwe ali pamwambapa ndi mafunso ena omwe mungafunse pambuyo pake.

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Pali mitundu itatu ya kusamutsa kutentha kapena kusamutsa kutentha , kuphatikizapo kusamutsa kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito conduction, convection, ndi radiation.

Kusamutsa kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito conduction. Pamene chinthu chotentha kwambiri chikakumana ndi chinthu chotentha kwambiri, mphamvu imayenda kuchokera ku chinthu chotentha kwambiri kupita ku chinthu chotentha kwambiri. Mphamvu yowonjezerayo imapangitsa maatomu ndi mamolekyu omwe amapanga chinthucho kuyenda mofulumira. Pamene akuyenda, mamolekyu amakhala ndi mphamvu ya kinetic (EK = ½ mv ² ). Mamolekyu omwe amayenda mofulumira (omwe ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya kinetic) amagundana ndi mamolekyu omwe ali pafupi nawo. Kenako mamolekyu amenewa amagundana ndi mamolekyu ena omwe ali pafupi nawo. Ndi zina zotero. Choncho mamolekyu amagundana, kusamutsa mphamvu. Kusamutsa kutentha komwe kumachitika kudzera mu kugundana pakati pa mamolekyu omwe amapanga chinthu kumatchedwa conduction. Conduction nthawi zambiri imachitika mu zinthu zolimba kapena kuchokera ku zinthu zolimba kupita ku zamadzimadzi (zamadzimadzi kupita ku zinthu zolimba) kapena kuchokera ku zinthu zolimba kupita ku mpweya (mpweya kupita ku zinthu zolimba).

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