Sayansi

Masikelo a Celsius ndi Fahrenheit ndi masikelo osiyana a kutentha. Ngati kutentha kwa chinthu kumayesedwa ndi kufotokozedwa mu Celsius, ndipo tikufuna kufotokoza kutentha mu Fahrenheit, timasintha kuchokera ku Celsius kupita ku Fahrenheit. Mu gawo lino, tikuphunzira momwe tingasinthire kapena kuchita kusintha kwa kutentha.

Pa kupanikizika kwa 1 atm, kutentha kwa ayezi kwa thermometer ya Celsius = 0 ^oC, pomwe sikelo ya thermometer ya Fahrenheit = 32 ^oF. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pa kupanikizika kwa 1 atm, kutentha kwa nthunzi ya thermometer ya Celsius scale = 100 ^oC, pomwe sikelo ya thermometer ya Fahrenheit = 212 ^oF. Yang'anani chithunzi chili pansipa!

Werengani zambiri

Mitundu ya Mulingo wa Thermometer

Kuti thermometer igwiritsidwe ntchito poyeza kutentha, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa sikelo. Pali sikelo ziwiri. muyeso wa thermometer Masikelo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga masikelo a Celsius ndi Fahrenheit. Sikelo ya kutentha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Indonesia ndi sikelo ya Celsius. Dzina lina la sikelo ya Celsius ndi sikelo ya centigrade. Centigrade = masitepe zana. Sikelo ya Fahrenheit nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States kapena mayiko omwe ali ndi nyengo yozizira. Sikelo yofunika kwambiri ya kutentha mu sayansi ndi sikelo yeniyeni, kapena sikelo ya Kelvin. Sikelo ya Kelvin idzakambidwa mtsogolo.

Ma point okhazikika a sikelo ya Celsius ndi Fahrenheit amagwiritsa ntchito ma point oundana ndi owira a madzi. Ma point oundana a chinthu ndi kutentha komwe zinthu zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi zimakhala pa kutentha komweko. kutentha koyeneraMosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutentha kwa chinthu ndi kutentha komwe madzi ndi mpweya zimakhala mu kutentha kofanana. Kuzizira ndi kuwira nthawi zonse zimasintha ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya, kotero kuthamanga kwa mpweya kuyenera kudziwika kaye. Nthawi zambiri timagwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwa mpweya, komwe ndi 1 atm (mpweya umodzi). Mpweya ndi gawo la kuthamanga kwa mpweya.

Werengani zambiri

Kuwerengera thermometer ndi njira yopangira sikelo pa thermometer. Nazi njira zina zochitira izi. kuwunika kutentha kwa thermometer. Pchoyamba, konzani thermometer ya mercury kapena thermometer ya mowa yopanda sikelo. KNdinakonda., konzani ayezi wokwanira. Kzitatu, konzani madzi okwanira. Chachinayi, Konzani chotenthetsera madzi chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha madzi mpaka atawira. Chachisanu, ikani ayezi ndi madzi mu chidebe (madzi ndi ayezi ali ndi kulemera kofanana). Pambuyo pake, lowani thermometer mu chidebe chodzaza ndi madzi ndi ayezi.

Werengani zambiri

Chida choyezera kutentha ndi thermometerPali mitundu yambiri ya ma thermometer, koma onse amagwira ntchito mofanana. Nthawi zambiri, timagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyezera kutentha, zomwe zimasintha malinga ndi kutentha. Ngati kutentha kwa chinthu kumasintha, mawonekedwe ake ndi kukula kwake zimasinthanso. Ma thermometer ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe zimakula kapena kufupika ndi kusintha kwa kutentha.

Werengani zambiri

Lamulo la Zeroth la Zinthu za Thermodynamics

Pakadali pano tangowunikiranso kutentha koyenera zomwe zimachitikira zinthu ziwiri zomwe zakhudzana. Kuti timvetse bwino lingaliro la kutentha koyenera, tiyeni tiganizire zinthu zitatu (tiyeni tizitchule chinthu A, chinthu B, ndi chinthu C). Mwachitsanzo, zinthu B ndi chinthu C sizimakhudzana, koma chinthu A chimakhudza chinthu B ndipo chinthu A chimakhudza chinthu C. Yang'anani chithunzi chili pansipa.

Chifukwa chakuti zikugwirana, zinthu A ndi B zili mu mgwirizano wa kutentha, ndipo zinthu A ndi C zili mu mgwirizano wa kutentha. Kodi zinthu B ndi C, zomwe sizikugwirana, zilinso mu mgwirizano wa kutentha?

Werengani zambiri

Zinthu Zofanana ndi Kutentha

Kodi munamwapo tiyi wozizira? Tiyi wozizira amapangidwa posakaniza madzi otentha a tiyi ndi ayezi. Pambuyo powasakaniza kapena kuwasiya kwa masekondi kapena mphindi zingapo, chisakanizo cha madzi otentha a tiyi ndi ayezi chimasanduka tiyi wozizira wozizira. Madzi otentha a tiyi amakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu, pomwe ayezi amakhala ndi kutentha kochepa. Madzi otentha a tiyi akasakanizidwa ndi ayezi m'chidebe monga galasi, kutentha kwina kuchokera ku madzi otentha kumasamutsidwira ku ayezi, kotero kutentha kwa tiyi wozizira kumakhala kotsika kuposa kutentha kwa madzi otentha komanso kokwera kuposa kutentha kwa ayezi.

Werengani zambiri

Kodi mumamva bwanji mukamavala zovala zakuda tsiku lotentha kapena mukamachita masewera olimbitsa thupi masana? Yerekezerani ndi nthawi yomwe mumavala zovala zoyera? Ngati mumavala zovala zakuda masana, mumamva kutentha mosavuta. N’chifukwa chiyani zili choncho? Mtunda pakati pa dzuwa ndi dziko m’mawa ndi wofanana ndi mtunda pakati pa dzuwa ndi dziko lapansi masana ndi madzulo. Ndiye n’chifukwa chiyani m’mawa ndi madzulo zimakhala zozizira, ndipo masana zimakhala zotentha kwambiri? Yankho la mafunso awa ndi lokhudzana ndi kusamutsa kutentha ndi kuwala.

Werengani zambiri

Ngati mutakhala pampando wamatabwa, pamwamba pa mpando wamatabwa pamakhala potentha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati mutakhala pampando wopangidwa ndi pulasitiki kapena chitsulo, pamwamba pa mpando wachitsulo kapena pulasitiki pamakhala potentha mukatha kukhalapo. N’chifukwa chiyani pamwamba pa mpando wamatabwa pamakhala potentha, pomwe pamwamba pa mpando wachitsulo pamakhala potentha? N’chifukwa chiyani kugona pansi pozizira popanda matiresi kungayambitse ululu? Kodi munayamba mwavalapo jekete lozizira? N’chifukwa chiyani majekete ambiri ozizira amapangidwa ndi ubweya? Pali zinthu zambiri zoti muganizire ndi kufunsa zokhudzana ndi nkhaniyi. kusamutsa kutentha mwa kuwongolera.

Werengani zambiri

Kodi munayamba mwakhalapo pagombe tsiku lowala? Pa tsiku lowala, nthawi zonse pamakhala mphepo yochokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda pagombe. N’chifukwa chiyani nthawi zonse pamakhala mphepo pagombe ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani mphepo ya m’nyanja (mphepo yochokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda) imachitika masana, ndipo mphepo ya kumtunda (mphepo yochokera kumtunda kupita kunyanja) imachitika usiku? N’chifukwa chiyani mitambo imatsika kupita kumapiri nthawi yamvula? N’chifukwa chiyani mphepo imamveka yozizira? Mayankho a mafunso awa akukhudzana ndi kutentha kwa dziko lapansi ndi nyanja, kukula, kuchulukana ndi kusamutsa kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito convection (kusamutsa kutentha). Mukamvetsetsa bwino nkhaniyi komanso molondola, mutha kuyankha mafunso omwe ali pamwambapa ndi mafunso ena omwe mungafunse mtsogolo.

Werengani zambiri

Pali mitundu itatu kusamutsa kutentha kapena kusamutsa kutentha, kuphatikizapo kusamutsa kutentha kudzera mu conduction, convection, ndi radiation.

Kusamutsa kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito conduction. Pamene chinthu chotentha kwambiri chikakumana ndi chinthu chotentha pang'ono, mphamvu imasamutsidwa kuchoka ku chinthu chotentha kwambiri kupita ku chinthu chotentha pang'ono. Mphamvu yowonjezerayi imapangitsa maatomu ndi mamolekyu omwe amapanga chinthucho kuyenda mofulumira. Pamene akuyenda, mamolekyu amakhala ndi mphamvu ya kinetic (EK = ½ mv).²). Mamolekyulu omwe amayenda mofulumira (ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya kinetic) amagundana ndi mamolekyulu omwe ali pafupi nawo. Kenako mamolekyulu awa amagundana ndi mamolekyulu ena omwe ali pafupi nawo. Ndi zina zotero. Choncho mamolekyulu amagundana, kusamutsa mphamvu. Kusamutsa kutentha zomwe zimachitika kudzera mu kugundana pakati pa mamolekyu omwe amapanga chinthu chimatchedwa conduction. Conduction nthawi zambiri imachitika mu zinthu zolimba kapena kuchokera ku zinthu zolimba kupita ku zinthu zamadzimadzi (zinthu zamadzimadzi kupita ku zinthu zolimba) kapena kuchokera ku zinthu zolimba kupita ku zinthu za mpweya (zinthu za mpweya kupita ku zinthu zolimba).

Werengani zambiri