Mitundu ya Zigawo
Chigawo ndi lingaliro la malo lomwe limatanthauza dera kapena malo enaake okhala ndi malire ndi makhalidwe osiyana. Mu kuphunzira za malo ndi sayansi yofanana, madera amatha kumvedwa kuchokera ku malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zakuthupi, chikhalidwe, zachuma, ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mitundu ya madera kuchokera ku malingaliro osiyanasiyana awa.
1. Malo Oyenera
Madera enieni nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo achilengedwe, kuphatikizapo zinthu monga malo, nyengo, zomera, ndi zinyama. M'malo mwa madera enieni, tikhoza kuwagawa m'magulu awiri:
a. Malo Otsetsereka
Zigwa ndi madera okhala ndi malo otsetsereka komanso otsika. Zigwa zimatha kugawidwa m'zigwa, mapiri, ndi zigwa zokhala ndi nthaka yonyowa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachonde komanso zoyenera ulimi. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha chigwa chokhala ndi nthaka yonyowa ndi Mtsinje wa Nile ku Egypt.
b. Chigawo cha Mapiri
Derali lili ndi mapiri ambiri komanso malo okwera kwambiri. Zotsatira zake ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo komanso zoopsa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha zivomezi. Mapiri a Andes ku South America ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha mapiri akuluakulu.
c. Madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja
Madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amatanthauza madera omwe ali pafupi ndi nyanja kapena nyanja. Madera amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zachilengedwe zambiri ndipo amakhala malo ochitirako ntchito zachuma panyanja. Komabe, amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja.
2. Madera a Anthu ndi Chikhalidwe
Madera a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe amaphatikizapo madera omwe amadziwika ndi makhalidwe a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu okhala m'maderawo. Zinthu monga chilankhulo, miyambo, ndi umunthu wa madera nthawi zambiri zimakhala zizindikiro zazikulu.
a. Madera Ozikidwa pa Mitundu
Madera amenewa amapangidwa potengera kufanana kwa mafuko kapena mitundu ya anthu okhala m'menemo. Chitsanzo ndi dera la Navajo Nation ku United States, lomwe limapereka ufulu wodzilamulira komanso chitetezo cha chikhalidwe kwa Amwenye Achimereka.
b. Chigawo cha Zipembedzo
Kupezeka kwakukulu kwa chipembedzo china kungapangitse madera achipembedzo. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo Mzinda wa Vatican, likulu la Katolika ya Aroma, kapena chigawo cha Hijaz ku Saudi Arabia, chomwe chili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa Asilamu.
c. Madera a Chikhalidwe ndi Chikhalidwe
Derali limadziwika ndi miyambo yapadera komanso zinthu zaluso. Mwachitsanzo, Yogyakarta ku Indonesia imadziwika kuti ndi malo odziwika bwino a chikhalidwe cha anthu aku Java omwe ali ndi zaluso ndi ntchito zaluso zachikhalidwe.
3. Chigawo cha Zachuma
Madera azachuma amapangidwa kutengera ntchito zawo zachuma komanso chuma chomwe ali nacho. Kukula kwa madera azachuma nthawi zambiri kumayang'ana kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuyang'anira chuma chomwe chilipo kuti chuma chikhale chokhazikika komanso chipite patsogolo.
a. Malo Ogulitsa Mafakitale
Dera lomwe lili ndi mafakitale ambiri. Madera a mafakitale nthawi zambiri amapereka malo ndi zomangamanga zothandizira ntchito zopangira. Chitsanzo cha dera lalikulu la mafakitale ndi Ruhr ku Germany.
b. Chigawo cha Ulimi
Malo odzipereka ku ulimi kapena ulimi wa ziweto, mawonekedwe a nthaka, ndi nyengo zimakhudza kwambiri mtundu wa ulimi womwe ukukula. Chigwa cha Mtsinje wa Ganges ku India ndi chimodzi mwa madera akale komanso akuluakulu a ulimi padziko lonse lapansi.
c. Malo Ogulitsira
Yopangidwa ndikuyang'ana kwambiri pa malonda ndi ntchito zotumikira, nthawi zambiri imakhala pamalo abwino pamalo olumikizirana magalimoto akuluakulu. Singapore, monga mzinda-boma, ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha dera lomwe limadalira kwambiri malonda.
4. Chigawo Choyang'anira
Gawo la utsogoleri limatanthauza kugawa dziko kapena chigawo m'magawo a boma kuti cholinga chake chikhale chothandizira kayendetsedwe ka boma ndi kayendetsedwe ka boma. Gawoli nthawi zambiri limasankha mfundo, malamulo, ndi malangizo omwe amagwira ntchito m'chigawo chimenecho.
a. Dziko
Dziko lalikulu kwambiri m'maboma olamulira omwe ali ndi boma lodzilamulira lokha. Dziko lililonse lili ndi malire odziwika padziko lonse lapansi.
b. Chigawo/Boma
Gawo la dziko lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro winawake wowongolera zochitika zake zakomweko, nthawi zina ndi dongosolo lake la boma monga ku United States kapena India.
c. Regency/Mzinda
Magulu ang'onoang'ono oyang'anira omwe amayendetsa nkhani zambiri za m'deralo mkati mwa chigawo. Gawo la mfundo limakhala pafupi ndi anthu, pochita zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku monga maphunziro oyambira ndi thanzi.
5. Madera Ogwira Ntchito
Chigawo chogwira ntchito ndi dera lomwe limadziwika ndi ntchito yake yaikulu kapena zochitika zake. Limaphatikizapo zochitika zosiyanasiyana zachuma, zachikhalidwe, komanso zamagalimoto zomwe zimagwirizanitsa chigawochi.
a. Chigawo cha Mzinda
Kuphatikiza mizinda ikuluikulu ingapo ndi madera ozungulira, Jakarta ndi madera ozungulira amapanga Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek), imodzi mwa madera akuluakulu a mzinda ku Southeast Asia.
b. Malo Oyendera
Zapangidwa kuti zikope alendo powapatsa malo okopa alendo, chuma chawo nthawi zambiri chimadalira gawoli. Mwachitsanzo, Bali ikuwonetsa izi ndi magombe ake ndi chikhalidwe chake cholemera.
c. Malo Amalonda
Malo ozungulira zochitika zamalonda, monga malo ogulitsira zinthu kapena malo ochitira bizinesi. Mizinda ina ikuluikulu ili ndi malo opatulidwira izi, monga Central Business District (CBD) m'mizinda yambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madera n'kofunika kwambiri pakupanga mfundo, kukonzekera madera, komanso kugawa zinthu. Mtundu uliwonse wa chigawo uli ndi makhalidwe ake ndi zovuta zake zomwe zimafuna kasamalidwe ndi chithandizo chapadera. Pomvetsetsa mtundu ndi momwe chigawo chilichonse chimagwirira ntchito, titha kupanga njira zogwirira ntchito bwino komanso zokhazikika. Izi zingathandizenso kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa zachilengedwe mpaka zachuma.
