Zitsanzo za Mafunso Okhudza Kulamulirana
Mu majini, codominance ndi chochitika chomwe ma alleles awiri osiyana a jini amafotokozedwa mofanana mu phenotype ya munthu. Chochitikachi chimasiyana ndi ulamuliro wosavuta, pomwe allele imodzi imatha kubisa kwathunthu mawonekedwe a inayo. Codominance ndi chochitika chomwe ma alleles onse awiri amagwira ntchito ndipo amaonekera mofanana mu chamoyo cha heterozygous. Codominance nthawi zambiri imakambidwa pankhani ya mitundu ya magazi a anthu ndi mawonekedwe a utoto wa ubweya m'zinyama zina. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mozama lingaliro la codominance kudzera mu zitsanzo zamavuto omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kukambirana.
Kumvetsetsa Kulamulira
Tisanalowe mu zitsanzo za mafunso, choyamba tiyeni timvetse tanthauzo la codominance. Mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya mitundu ya magazi a anthu, ma alele a A ndi B ndi omwe ali ndi ma alele onse awiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati munthu ali ndi ma alele a A ndi B (genotype AB), onse awiri adzawonekera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu wa magazi wa AB.
Chitsanzo china cha codominance chikhoza kuwoneka mu mtundu wa ubweya wa ng'ombe. Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi allele ya ubweya wofiira (R) ndi allele ya ubweya woyera (W). Ngati ng'ombe ili ndi allele imodzi ya R ndi allele imodzi ya W, idzakhala ndi ubweya wofiira-woyera, wotchedwa "roan."
Mafunso a Chitsanzo cha Codominance
Funso 1: Mtundu wa Magazi
Funso: Bambo ali ndi mtundu wa magazi A (genotype AA), ndipo mayi ali ndi mtundu wa magazi B (genotype BB). Ngati ali ndi mwana, kodi mwanayo angakhale ndi mtundu wa magazi uti?
Kukambirana:
1. Dziwani mitundu ya makolo:
– Abambo: AA
– Amayi: BB
2. Popeza magulu a magazi a A ndi B ndi ambiri, ana adzalandira allele imodzi kuchokera kwa kholo lililonse.
3. Kuphatikiza komwe kungatheke kwa ana ndi:
– Kuchokera kwa abambo: A
– Kuchokera kwa amayi: B
4. Motero, ana akhoza kukhala ndi AB combination yokha.
5. Chifukwa chake, mwana aliyense ali ndi mwayi 100% wokhala ndi mtundu wa magazi a AB.
Funso lachiwiri: Nthenga za nkhuku
Funso: Nkhuku ya nthenga zakuda (BB) imakwatiwa ndi nkhuku ya nthenga zoyera (WW). Kodi nthenga za anapiye zimakhala zotani, ngati zakuda ndi zoyera ndi ma alleles ambiri?
Kukambirana:
1. Dziwani mitundu ya makolo:
– Nkhuku yakuda yokhala ndi nthenga: BB
– Nkhuku yoyera yokhala ndi nthenga: WW
2. Mu anapiye (ana a F1), adzalandira allele imodzi kuchokera kwa kholo lililonse.
3. Kuphatikiza kwa anapiye ndi:
– Kuchokera ku nkhuku yakuda: B
– Kuchokera ku nkhuku yoyera: W
4. Mwana wa nkhukuyo adzakhala ndi mtundu wa BW, womwe umasonyeza mtundu wosakanikirana (nthenga zakuda ndi zoyera zomwe zili ndi madontho kapena "madontho").
5. Motero, nkhuku zonse za ana a F1 zidzakhala ndi nthenga za BW.
Funso 3: Mtundu wa Chomera
Funso: Mu zomera za duwa, allele yofiira (R) ndi allele yoyera (W) ndizomwe zimakhalapo kwambiri. Ngati chomera chofiira chikugwirizana ndi chomera choyera, kodi maluwa awo adzabala maluwa amtundu wanji?
Kukambirana:
1. Kuzindikira mitundu ya majini:
– Chomera chofiira: RR
– Zomera zoyera: WW
2. Mbeu za zomera (mbeu ya F1) zidzakhala:
– Kuchokera ku chomera chofiira: R
– Kuchokera ku zomera zoyera: W
3. Mbeu zomwe zidzatuluke zidzakhala ndi mtundu wa RW womwe umayambitsa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana (monga maluwa okhala ndi madontho ofiira ndi oyera).
4. Choncho, ana onse ochokera pamtanda uwu adzakhala ndi maluwa osakanikirana amitundu yofiira ndi yoyera.
Mapeto
Kudzera mu zitsanzo zomwe zili pamwambapa, titha kuwona momwe lingaliro la codominance limagwirira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana. Codominance imapereka kusiyana kosangalatsa m'chilengedwe mwa kulola makhalidwe awiri osiyana kufotokozedwa nthawi imodzi m'thupi. Izi zimakulitsa kusiyanasiyana kwa majini ndipo zimatithandiza kumvetsetsa machitidwe a cholowa omwe ndi ovuta kuposa kulamulira kosavuta. Kumvetsetsa codominance sikuti ndikofunikira kokha pakuphunzira za biology ndi majini komanso kumapereka chidziwitso cha momwe makhalidwe ena amabadwira m'zomera ndi nyama, kuphatikizapo anthu.
Kuti muyese kumvetsetsa kwanu kwakukulu kwa codominance, mutha kuyesa kupanga zochitika zina kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a codominance. Izi zithandiza kulimbikitsa malingaliro ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundozi m'malo osiyanasiyana. Codominance ndi gawo limodzi chabe la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini, ndipo pomvetsetsa machitidwe awa, timapeza chithunzi chokwanira cha kudabwitsa kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa moyo.
