Chitsanzo cha Funso Lokambirana pa Kupanikizika kwa Osmotic kwa Mayankho
Pendauluan
Kupanikizika kwa osmotic ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu chemistry ndi biology. Ndi kupanikizika komwe kumafunika kuti madzi asadutse mu nembanemba yomwe imatha kulowa kuchokera ku yankho lochepa kwambiri kupita ku yankho lochuluka kwambiri. Kumvetsetsa kupanikizika kwa osmotic ndikofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, monga njira zamoyo m'maselo, chithandizo cha madzi, ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala. Kuti tifotokoze bwino lingaliro ili, tikambirana zitsanzo zingapo za mavuto ndi mayankho okhudzana ndi kupsinjika kwa osmotic kwa mayankho.
Funso 1: Kuwerengera Kupanikizika kwa Osmotic kwa Shuga Yankho
Funso:
Magalamu awiri a sucrose (C12H22O11) amasungunuka m'madzi kuti apange voliyumu ya 500 mL. Kodi kuthamanga kwa osmotic kwa yankho ili ndi kotani pa 25°C? (Gwiritsani ntchito R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1 ndi kulemera kwa molar kwa sucrose = 342 g/mol).
Kukambirana:
1. Werengerani kuchuluka kwa yankho:
Molarity (M) = \( \dfrac{\text{Number of moles of solute}}{\text{Voliyumu ya yankho m'malita}} \)
Chiwerengero cha mamolekyu a sucrose = \( \dfrac{2 \text{ g}}{342 \text{ g/mol}} \) = 0.00585 mol
Kuchuluka kwa yankho = 500 mL = 0.5 L
Molarity (M) = \( \dfrac{0.00585 \text{ mol}}{0.5 \text{ L}} \) = 0.0117 M
2. Kuwerengera kuthamanga kwa osmotic:
Kupanikizika kwa Osmotic (π) = MRT
Kumene:
M = 0.0117 mol/L
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 25°C = 298 K (chifukwa kutentha kuyenera kukhala mu Kelvin)
π = (0.0117 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(298 K)
π = 0.286 atm
Chifukwa chake, kuthamanga kwa osmotic kwa yankho la sucrose ndi 0.286 atm.
Funso 2: Kupanikizika kwa Osmotic kwa Electrolyte Solution
Funso:
Kodi kuthamanga kwa osmotic kwa yankho la NaCl ndi kuchuluka kwa 0.2 M kutentha kwa 27°C ndi kotani? (Zimadziwika kuti NaCl ndi electrolyte yomwe imagawanika kwathunthu kukhala Na+ ndi Cl- ndi R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)
Kukambirana:
1. Werengani mlingo wa kulekanitsidwa:
NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
Popeza NaCl yalekanitsidwa kwathunthu, chiwerengero chonse cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono mu yankho ndi kawiri kuposa ma moles a NaCl.
Chiwerengero chonse cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono = 2 × chiwerengero cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta NaCl
2. Kuwerengera kuthamanga kwa osmotic:
Kupanikizika kwa Osmotic (π) = iMRT
Kumene:
i = 2 (chifukwa pali mitundu iwiri ya ma ayoni, Na+ ndi Cl-)
M = 0.2 mol/L
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 27°C = 300 K
π = (2)(0.2 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(300 K)
π = 9.852 atm
Kotero, kuthamanga kwa osmotic kwa yankho la 0.2 M NaCl pa 27°C ndi 9.852 atm.
Funso 3: Kupanikizika kwa Osmotic mu Mayankho a Shuga ndi Fructose
Funso:
Yankho limapangidwa posungunula mole imodzi ya shuga (C6H12O6) ndi mole imodzi ya fructose (C6H12O6) mu lita imodzi ya madzi. Kodi kuthamanga kwa osmotic kwa yankholo pa 37°C ndi kotani? (Gwiritsani ntchito R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1)
Kukambirana:
1. Werengani chiwerengero chonse cha ma moles:
Chiwerengero chonse cha ma moles = mole imodzi ya shuga + mole imodzi ya fructose = ma moles awiri
2. Kuwerengera kuthamanga kwa osmotic:
Kupanikizika kwa Osmotic (π) = MRT
Kumene:
M = 2 mol/L (chifukwa pali ma mole awiri mu lita imodzi ya madzi)
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 37°C = 310 K
π = (2 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(310 K)
π = 50.942 atm
Choncho, kuthamanga kwa osmotic kwa yankho lokhala ndi mole imodzi ya shuga ndi mole imodzi ya fructose mu lita imodzi ya madzi pa 37°C ndi 50.942 atm.
Funso 4: Kusakaniza kwa Zinthu Ziwiri Zosakhala za Electrolyte
Funso:
Kodi kuthamanga kwa osmotic kwa chisakanizo chokhala ndi 0.5 mol ya urea (CO(NH2)2) ndi 0.5 mol ya ethanol (C2H5OH) mu lita imodzi yamadzi pa 20°C ndi kotani? (R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)
Kukambirana:
1. Werengani chiwerengero chonse cha ma moles mu yankho:
Chiwerengero chonse cha ma moles = 0.5 mol urea + 0.5 mol ethanol = 1 mol
2. Kuwerengera kuthamanga kwa osmotic:
Kupanikizika kwa Osmotic (π) = MRT
Kumene:
M = 1 mol/L (chifukwa pali ma mole awiri mu lita imodzi ya madzi)
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 20°C = 293 K
π = (1 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(293 K)
π = 24.0633 atm
Choncho, kuthamanga kwa osmotic kwa chisakanizo chokhala ndi 0.5 mol ya urea ndi 0.5 mol ya ethanol mu lita imodzi ya madzi pa 20°C ndi 24.0633 atm.
Mapeto
Kuchokera ku chitsanzo chomwe chili pamwambapa, titha kumvetsetsa momwe tingawerengere kuthamanga kwa osmotic pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Kuthamanga kwa osmotic kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu monga kuchuluka kwa yankho, mtundu wa solute (electrolyte kapena non-electrolyte), ndi kutentha. Kusanthula kwa masamu kumbuyo kwa kuthamanga kwa osmotic kumadalira mfundo zoyambira zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo labwino la gasi. Tikamvetsetsa bwino lingaliro ili, titha kuligwiritsa ntchito pazochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwira ntchito mu chemistry ndi biology.
