Chitsanzo cha injini yotenthetsera (kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics)

Zitsanzo 9 za mavuto a injini yotenthetsera (kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics)

1. Mu nthawi imodzi, injini imayamwa ma Joules 3000 a kutentha kuchokera ku malo osungira kutentha kwambiri ndipo imakana ma Joules 1000 a kutentha kupita ku malo osungira kutentha kochepa. Dziwani momwe injini yotenthetsera imagwirira ntchito!

Zokambirana
Injini yotenthetsera Mawu oti "carnot" m'mafunso omwe ali patsamba lino si ofanana ndi injini ya Carnot. Injini ya Carnot ndi injini yoyenera yotenthetsera ndipo imapezeka m'malingaliro okha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, injini yotenthetsera yomwe yatchulidwa mu funsoli ndi injini yeniyeni yotenthetsera, osati injini yotenthetsera yongopeka (injini ya Carnot).
Ndizodziwika kuti :
Kutentha kumayamwa (Q)_H) = 3000 Joule
Kutentha kwatulutsidwa (Q)_L) = 1000 Joule
Ntchito yopangidwa ndi makina (W) = 3000 – 1000 = 2000 Joules
Anafunsa : Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa injini yotenthetsera (e)
Yankhani :

2. Injini yotenthetsera imapanga ma Joules 2000 ogwira ntchito ndipo imakana ma Joules 500 a kutentha nthawi imodzi. Mphamvu ya injini ndi…

Zokambirana
Ndizodziwika kuti :
Ntchito yopangidwa ndi makina (W) = 2000 Joules
Kutentha kwatulutsidwa (Q)_L) = 5000 Joule
Kutentha kumayamwa (Q)_H) = 2000 + 5000 = 7000 Joule
Anafunsa : Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa injini yotenthetsera (e)
Yankhani :

3. Injini ya galimoto ili ndi mphamvu ya 30%. Ngati injini imapanga ma Joules 10.000 a ntchito pa kuzungulira, kodi injini imakana kutentha kotani pa kuzungulira?
Zokambirana
Ndizodziwika kuti :
Kuchita bwino (e) = 30% = 30/100 = 0,3
Ntchito yopangidwa ndi makina (W) = 3000 Joules
Anafunsa Kutentha komwe injini imachotsa nthawi iliyonse (Q)_L)
Yankhani :
Werengerani kutentha komwe kumayamwa (Q)_H) pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogwiritsira ntchito bwino (e) ya injini yotenthetsera:
Kutentha kumachepa pa kuzungulira kulikonse (Q)_L) = kutentha komwe kumayamwa (Q_H) – ntchito yopangidwa (W)
Q_L = Ma Joules 10.000 – Ma Joules 3000
Q_L = 7000 Joule

Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa injini zotenthetsera, injini za Carnot

4. Injini yotenthetsera imayamwa ma Joules 3.000 a kutentha kuchokera ku malo osungiramo zinthu otentha kwambiri ndipo imakana ma Joules 2.400 kupita ku malo osungiramo zinthu otentha kwambiri. Mphamvu ya injini ndi ....
A. 10%
B. 15%
C. 20%
D. 30%
E. 40%
Kukambirana:
Ndizodziwika kuti :
Q_H = 3000 Joules, Q_L = 2400 Joules.
Anafunsa :
Kodi injini yotenthetsera (e) imagwira ntchito bwino?
Yankhani :
Yankho lolondola ndi C.

5. Injini ya Carnot ili ndi malo osungira kutentha kwambiri a madigiri 300 ^oC ndi malo osungiramo zinthu otentha kwambiri 80 ^oC. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa makina ndi…
A. 38%
B. 45%
C. 50%
D. 58%
E. 67%
Kukambirana:
Ndizodziwika kuti :
T_L = 80^oC = (80 + 273) K = 353 K
T_H = 300^oC = (300 + 273) K = 573 K
Ngati kutentha kumadziwika mu mayunitsi a Celsius, kuyenera kusinthidwa kukhala mayunitsi a Kelvin (Kelvin ndi mayunitsi a International System of Temperature).
Anafunsa :
Kodi injini ya Carnot imagwira ntchito bwino (e)?
Yankhani :

Yankho lolondola ndi A.

6. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa malo osungira injini ya Carnot ndi 600 K ndipo kugwira ntchito kwake ndi 60%. Kuti akwaniritse kugwira ntchito bwino kwa 70%, kutentha kwakukulu kwa malo osungira injini ya Carnot kuyenera kukhala...
A. 500 K
B. 800 K
C. 1000 K
D. 1200 K
E. 1500 K
Kukambirana:
Ndizodziwika kuti :
Deta 1: T_H = 600 K, e = 60%
Deta 2: T_H = …. K ?, e = 70%
Anafunsa :
Kutentha kwambiri (T)_H)
Yankhani :
Gwiritsani ntchito deta 1 kuti muwerenge kutentha kochepa (T)_L).
Gwiritsani ntchito T_L ndi deta 2 kuti muwerengere kutentha kwakukulu (T_H):
Kuti tikwaniritse bwino 70%, kutentha kwakukulu = 800 Kelvin.
Yankho lolondola ndi B.

7. Yang'anani chithunzi cha PV cha injini ya Carnot pansipa. Ngati W = 5000 Joules, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kutulutsidwa ndi injini pa kuzungulira kulikonse ndi...
A. 2.315 Joule
B. 3.475 Joule
C. 3.750 Joule
D. 5.000 Joule
E. 5.600 Joule

Kukambirana:
Ndizodziwika kuti :
W = 5000 Joule
T_H = 780 k
T_L = 320 k
Anafunsa :
Q₂ ?
Yankhani :
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa injini ya Carnot:
e = 1 – (T_L/T_H) = 1 – (320/780) = 1 – 0,41 = 0,59
59% yokha ya kutentha imagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwira ntchito. Gwiritsani ntchito deta iyi kuti muwerengere kutentha komwe injini ya Carnot imayamwa (Q)₁).
(0,59)(Q)₁) = 5000 Joule
Q₁ = 5000 Joules/0,59 = 8475 Joules
Kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe injini imayamwa ndi 8475 Joules.
Kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe injini imatulutsa pa kuzungulira kulikonse:
W = Q₁ – Q₂
Ma Joules 5000 = Ma Joules 8475 – Q₂
Q₂ = Ma Joules 8475 – Ma Joules 5000
Q₂ = 3475 Joule
Yankho lolondola ndi B.

8. Onani chithunzi cha PV cha injini ya Carnot pansipa! Ngati kutentha kwalowa (Q)₁) = 8000 Joules ndiye ntchito yomwe injini ya Carnot imachita ndi…
A. 1640 J
B. 4720 J
C. 5640 J
D. 6270 J
E. 8840 J

Kukambirana:
Ndizodziwika kuti :
Q₁ = 8000 J
T_H = 820 k
T_L = 380 k
Anafunsa :
W ?
Yankhani :
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa injini ya Carnot:
e = 1 – (T_L/T_H) = 1 – (380/820) = 1 – 0,46 = 0,54
54% yokha ya kutentha imagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwira ntchito. Gwiritsani ntchito deta iyi kuwerengera ntchito yochitidwa ndi injini ya Carnot (W).
(0,59)(8000) = 4720 Joules
Ntchito yomwe injini ya Carnot yachita ndi 4720 Joules.
Yankho lolondola ndi B.

9. Injini ya Carnot imagwira ntchito pakati pa malo osungira kutentha a madigiri 520 ^oC ndi malo ozizira osungiramo zinthu 110 ^oC. Ngati makina amatenga kutentha kwa ma Joules 3000 kuchokera mu chosungiramo chotentha, ndiye kuti kutentha komwe kwakanidwa kuchokera ku makinawo ndi...
A. majoule 450
B. 800 majoule
C. Mphindi 1000
D. 1200 majoule
E. 1440 majoule
Kukambirana:
Ndizodziwika kuti :
T_H = 520 + 273 = 793 K
T_L = 110 + 273 = 383 K
Q₁ = 3000 J
Anafunsa :
Q₂ = … ?
Yankhani :
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa injini ya Carnot:
e = 1 – (383/793) = 1 – 0,48 = 0,52
Gwiritsani ntchito deta iyi kuti muwerengere ntchito yochitidwa ndi injini (W)
(0,52)(3000) = 1560 Joules
Ntchito yomwe injiniyo imachita ndi 1560 Joules.
Kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe injini imatulutsa:
Q₂ = Ma Joules 3000 – Ma Joules 1560
Q₂ = 1440 Joule
Kutentha komwe kutulutsidwa ndi injini ndi 1440 Joules.