He aha te Whakapae Kore me te Whakapae Rerekē
I roto i ngā tatauranga me ngā tikanga rangahau, ko ngā kupu whakapae kore (H0) me te whakapae rerekē (H1, Ha rānei) he ariā matua e rua e puta ake ana ina hiahia ngā kairangahau ki te whakamātautau i tētahi whakapae mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga. Koinei te pūtake o te whakamātautau whakapae, he tikanga hei whakatau mēnā he kaha ngā taunakitanga mai i tētahi tauira hei tautoko i tētahi kereme mō tētahi taupori. Ahakoa he ahua hangarau pea, he māmā noa iho te ariā matua: ka hangaia e mātou ētahi kōrero e rua e whakahē ana, kātahi ka whakamahia ngā raraunga hei whakatau ko tēhea te mea e pono ake ana.
Te mārama ki te whakapae i roto i te rangahau
I te nuinga o te wā, he whakapae he whakaaro, he kōrero rānei e taea te whakamātautau mō te pono. I roto i te rangahau tauanga, ka hangaia ngā whakapae i roto i te āhua o ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi, i ngā rerekētanga rānei i waenga i ngā rōpū. Hei tauira: "He whai hua ake te tikanga ako A i te tikanga ako B" "He whanaungatanga kei waenga i te roa o te moe me ngā taumata arotahi."
Heoi, ina whakauruhia ēnei whakapae ki te ao o te tātari tatauranga , ka wehea kia rua ngā takirua: te whakapae kore me te whakapae rerekē.
He aha te whakapae kore (H0)?
Ko te whakapae kore (H0) he kōrero e kī ana kāore he rerekētanga, kāore he pānga, kāore rānei he whanaungatanga. He maha ngā wā ka kiia a H0 ko te tūranga "taunoa" ko te "tūnga o nāianei". I roto i ngā whakamātautau tatauranga , ka tīmata ngā kairangahau me te whakaaro he pono a H0, kātahi ka rapu taunakitanga mai i ngā raraunga hei whakakore.
Ngā āhuatanga whānui o te whakapae kore:
1. Te kī kāore he pānga, kāore rānei he rerekētanga.
2. Hoko hei tohutoro tuatahi i roto i te whakamātautau.
3. I whakakahoretia, i kore rānei i whakakahoretia i runga i ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau tatauranga.
Tauira o te whakapae kore:
– “Kāore he rerekētanga o ngā māka toharite i waenga i ngā akomanga e whakamahi ana i te tikanga A me te tikanga B.”
– “Kāore he hononga i waenga i te maha o ngā hāora ako me ngā hua o te whakamātautau.”
– “Ko te teitei toharite o ngā ākonga he 165 henemita.”
I roto i ngā tuhi tatauranga, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he tohu = ki te whakapae kore, hei tauira, ko μ = 165, ko p = 0,5 rānei. He mea nui te tohu ōrite nā te mea e kī ana a H0 kei tētahi uara te tawhā taupori.
He aha te whakapae rerekē (H1/Ha)?
Ko te whakapae rerekē (H1, Ha rānei) he kōrero e whakahē ana i te whakapae kore. E kī ana a H1 he rerekētanga, he pānga, he whanaungatanga rānei. Mēnā ka whakakahoretia a H0, ka tautokona te kairangahau e H1 (ahakoa i te taha hangarau, he whakakahore tēnei i a H0, ehara i te "whakamātautau" i a H1 kia tino pono).
Ngā āhuatanga whānui o ngā whakapae rerekē:
1. Hei kī i te noho o tētahi pānga, rerekētanga, whanaungatanga rānei.
2. Kia noho ko te whāinga matua e hiahia ana ngā kairangahau ki te tautoko.
3. Ka whakaaetia ā-kore ina whakakahoretia a H0.
Ngā tauira o ngā whakapae rerekē:
– “He rerekētanga kei roto i te uara toharite i waenga i te tikanga akomanga A me te tikanga B.”
– “He hononga kei waenganui i te maha o ngā hāora ako me ngā hua o te whakamātautau.”
– “Kāore te teitei toharite o ngā ākonga e rite ki te 165 henemita.”
I roto i te tuhipoka, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e H1 te tohu ≠, >, < rānei, i runga i te momo whakamātautau. Ko te whanaungatanga i waenga i a H0 me H1: he takirua o ngā kōrero e kore e taea te whakataurite. Me wehewehe a H0 me H1, arā, kāore e taea te pono i te wā kotahi. Mena ka kī a H0 "kāore he rerekētanga," ka kī a H1 "he rerekētanga." Kua hangaia tēnei takirua kia taea ai e ngā kairangahau te whakatau mārama. i runga i ngā raraunga. Hei tauira, ki te hiahia tētahi kairangahau ki te mōhio mēnā ka whakahekehia te toto toto e tētahi rongoā hou: – H0: Kāore te rongoā hou e whakaheke i te toto toto (he rite tonu rānei te whakahekenga ki te rongoā tawhito). – H1: Ka whakahekehia te toto toto e te rongoā hou (he pai ake te whai hua). Me ngā raraunga mai i te whakamātautau, ka whakahaerehia e te kairangahau he whakamātautau tatauranga hei tirotiro mēnā he kaha te taunakitanga hei whakakore i te H0. Ngā momo whakapae rerekē: kotahi-wae me te rua-wae Ka taea e ngā whakapae rerekē te rua-wae, te kotahi-wae rānei. 1. Whakamātautau rua-wae – E kī ana a H1 he "rerekē" me te kore e tohu mēnā he nui ake, he iti iho rānei. – Tauira: – H0: μ = 165 – H1: μ ≠ 165 Ka whakamahia tēnei whakamātautau mēnā ko te hiahia anake a te kairangahau ki te mōhio mēnā he rerekētanga, me te kore e tohu i te ahunga. 2. Whakamātautau kotahi-wae – E kī ana a H1 i te ahunga o te rerekētanga: nui ake, iti iho rānei. – Tauira: – H0: μ ≤ 165 – H1: μ > 165
ranei
– H0: μ ≥ 165
– H1: μ < 165
Ka whakamahia tēnei whakamātautau mēnā kua whai whakaaro kē te kairangahau mō te ahunga i runga i ngā ariā, i ngā rangahau rānei o mua.
He mea nui te whiriwhiri i tētahi whakamātautau kotahi-hiku, i tētahi whakamātautau rua-hiku rānei, nā te mea ka pā ki te whakatau i te rohe whakakorenga me te whakamāramatanga o ngā hua.
Me pēhea te whakatau: te whakakore, te kore rānei e whakakore i te H0
I roto whakamātautau whakapae, ko ngā whakataunga e mahia ana i te nuinga o te wā ko:
– Whakakahoretia H0: he kaha ngā taunakitanga e tukuna ana e ngā raraunga hei kī kāore ngā hua e hangai ki H0.
– Kāore i taea te whakakore i a H0: kāore i te kaha te raraunga hei whakakore i a H0 (ehara i te mea kua whakamātauhia te pono o H0).
E whakamahia ana te kupu "kore e whakakore" nā te mea he maha tonu ngā wā kāore e tino mārama te rangahau e ahu mai ana i ngā tauira. Kāore e taea e tātou te "whakamātautau" i tētahi mea me te tino pono; ko tā tātou anake he aromatawai i te kaha o ngā taunakitanga e wātea ana.
Ko tētahi āwhina whakatau rongonui ko te uara-p:
– Mena kei raro te uara-p i te α (hei tauira, ko te α = 0,05), ka whakakahoretia te H0.
– Mena he ≥ α te uara-p, kāore e taea te whakakore i te H0.
Ko α te taumata hiranga i konei, te rohe manawanui o te kairangahau mō te tūponotanga o te hapa ina whakakorea te H0.
Ngā hapa i roto i te whakamātautau whakapae : Momo I me te Momo II
Nā te mea kāore ngā whakataunga tatauranga e tika i ngā wā katoa, e rua ngā momo hapa e kitea ana:
1. Hapa Momo I (α)
– Whakakāhoretia a H0 ahakoa he pono a H0.
– Tauira: te whakatau he whai hua tētahi rongoā, engari kāore.
2. Hapa Momo II (β)
– Kāore i taea te whakakore i te H0 ahakoa he teka te H0.
– Tauira: te whakatau kāore he hua o tētahi rongoā i te mea kei te tino whai hua.
Ko te tikanga, ka whakahaerehia e ngā kairangahau te mōrearea o te hapa Momo I mā te α (hei tauira, 0,05). I taua wā, ko te mōrearea o te hapa Momo II e pā ana ki te kaha o te rangahau, te rahi o te tauira, me te rerekētanga o ngā raraunga.
Ngā tauira māmā i roto i te oranga o ia rā
Whakaarohia kei te hiahia koe ki te whakamātautau mēnā ka whakapai ake te tīma whakaputa i te kounga i muri i te whakawhiti mīhini.
– H0: Kāore te whakakapinga mīhini e whakapai ake i te kounga toharite o te hua.
– H1: Ka whakapai ake te whakakapinga mīhini i te kounga toharite o ngā hua.
Ka kohia e koe ngā raraunga mō ngā hapa whakaputa i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i te whakawhiti mīhini. Mena ka whakaatuhia e te tātari he rerekētanga nui (hei tauira, he hekenga o ngā hapa me te uara-p <0,05), ka whakakahoretia e koe te H0, ā, ka tautoko i te whakapono i āwhina te mīhini hou.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā whakapae kore me ngā whakapae rerekē te kaupapa matua o te whakamātautau whakapae i roto i ngā tatauranga. Ko te whakapae kore (H0) e kī ana kāore he pānga, he rerekētanga rānei, ko te whakapae rerekē ia (H1/Ha) e kī ana he pānga, he rerekētanga rānei. Mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga, ka whakamātautau ngā kairangahau mēnā he kaha te taunakitanga hei whakakore i te H0. Mā te mārama ki ēnei ariā ka āwhina i a tātou ki te pānui i ngā hua rangahau me te arohaehae, te hoahoa i ngā whakamātautau pai ake, me te whakatau whakaaro nui ake, e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga .
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga tauira o ngā whakapae kore me ngā whakapae rerekē e ai ki tō kaupapa rangahau (hei tauira, te mātauranga, te hauora, te pakihi), me te momo whakamātautau tatauranga e tika ana.
