Ngā Tikanga Whakaatu Raraunga mā te Whakamahi i ngā Ogive Pai me ngā Ogive Kino
I roto i ngā tatauranga, ehara i te mea ko te whakatakoto noa i ngā tau ki roto i ngā ripanga, i ngā kauwhata rānei te whakaaturanga raraunga, engari ko te whakawhiti i ngā raraunga mata ki ngā mōhiohio e māmā ana te mārama, kia rite ai mō te tātari. Ko tētahi tikanga whakaatu e whakamahia ana hei whakaatu i ngā tauira tohatoha auau me ngā auau whakaemi ko te ogive. Ko ngā ogive te tikanga e whakamahia ana ina kua whakarōpūhia ngā raraunga ki ngā akomanga wā, pērā i ngā kaute whakamātautau mō ia awhe 10-ira, te teitei mō ia awhe 5-cm, te moni whiwhi rānei mō ia awhe motuhake. E rua ngā momo matua o ngā ogive: ngā ogive pai (whakaemi "iti iho i te") me ngā ogive kino (whakaemi "neke atu i te"). He rerekē ngā tirohanga a ēnei e rua mō ngā raraunga kotahi.
Te Mārama ki a Ogive
He kauwhata te ogive e whakaatu ana i te auau whakaemi o tētahi tohatoha. Ko te auau whakaemi e pā ana ki te tapeke o ngā auau e tāpirihia ana i roto i te tikanga raupapa, e whai ana i ngā akomanga wā. Mā te whakamahi i te ogive, ka taea e tātou te kite i te tere o te pikinga, te hekenga rānei o ngā auau, te whakatau i te taunga o te waenga, ngā hauwhā, me ngā ōrau, me te mārama ki te ia o te tohatoha raraunga.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakaatuhia ngā ogive i roto i te āhua o tētahi tūtohi rārangi. Kei te tuaka whakapae (tuaka-X) ngā rohe akomanga, ko te tuaka poutū ia (tuaka-Y) ngā auau whakaemi. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā ogive pai me ngā ogive kino kei roto i te momo rohe akomanga e whakamahia ana me te ahunga o te whakaemi auau.
Ogive Pai (Iti iho i te)
Ngā Ariā Taketake
Ko te ogive pai he ogive e whakaatu ana i te auau whakaemi iti iho i te . Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko ngā auau ka whakarapopototia mai i te akomanga iti rawa ki te akomanga teitei rawa. I roto i te ogive pai, ko ngā pūwāhi i runga i te kauwhata kei te rohe o te akomanga o runga. Nā te mea ka kohikohi mai i raro, ka piki ake te kauwhata ogive pai mai i te maui ki te matau.
Ngā Hipanga mō te Whakawhanake i tētahi Ogive Pai
Hei whakaatu i ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i tētahi ōgīve pai pūnaha, ka taea te whai i ēnei mahi:
1. Whakaritea he ripanga tohatoha auau
Ka whakarōpūhia ngā raraunga mata ki ngā wā akomanga, kātahi ka tatauhia ngā auau.
2. Tātaihia te auau whakaemi o te iti iho i te
Ko te auau o te akomanga tuatahi ka noho hei auau tāpiri tuatahi. Mō ngā akomanga e whai ake nei, tāpirihia te auau o taua akomanga ki te auau tāpiri o mua.
3. Whakatauhia te rohenga o runga o ia akomanga
Mena he tauoti ngā raraunga, ā, kāore ngā āputa akomanga e taupatupatu, ka whakamahia te ariā o te "rohe akomanga". Hei tauira, ko te tapa o te akomanga 50–59 he 49,5–59,5, nō reira ko tōna rohe o runga ko te 59,5.
4. Waihangahia ngā tuaka taunga
– Tuaka-X: te rohe o runga (te taha o runga) o ia akomanga
– Tuaka Y: te auau whakaemi iti iho i te
5. Tuhia ngā tohu, ka hono atu
Tātaitia ia tepe o te akomanga o runga ki tōna auau whakaemi, kātahi ka honoa ngā pūwāhi ki tētahi rārangi.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Ogive Pai
He tino whai hua ngā ōgive pai mō:
– Te mōhio ki te nui o ngā raraunga kei raro iho i tētahi rohe kua whakaritea tōna uara.
– Tāutuhia te tau waenga, ngā hauwhā, me ngā ōrau mā te tuhi i tētahi rārangi mai i te tuaka-Y ki te kōpiko, kātahi ki te tuaka-X.
– Whakatauritea te tohatoha o ngā rōpū raraunga e rua (hei tauira, ngā uara akomanga A me ngā uara akomanga B) i roto i te āhua tāpiripiri "iti iho i te".
Ogive Kino (Nui ake i)
Ngā Ariā Taketake
He rerekē ki te ogive pai, he auau whakaemi te ogive kino neke atu i te . Ka whakarapopototia te auau mai i te akomanga teitei ki te akomanga iti rawa, ā, i roto i te mahi, ka taea te tatau hei te maha o ngā pūwāhi raraunga kei runga ake i tētahi rohe. Ko te pūwāhi i runga i te ogive kino ka whakanohoia ki te rohe akomanga o raro. Nā te mea ka puta te whakaemi mai i runga, ka heke te kauwhata ogive kino mai i te maui ki te matau.
Ngā Hipanga mō te Hanga i tētahi Ogive Kino
Koinei te tukanga mō te whakaatu raraunga mā te whakamahi i te ogive kino:
1. Whakaritea he ripanga tohatoha auau
Pērā i te ogive pai, ka whakarōpūhia ngā raraunga, kātahi ka tatauhia te auau.
2. Tātaihia te auau whakaemi o te neke atu i te
Mai i te akomanga teitei rawa, ko te auau whakaemi tuatahi ko te auau o te akomanga teitei rawa. Ko te akomanga e whai ake nei (kei raro) ko te tapeke o ngā auau o taua akomanga me te auau whakaemi o mua.
3. Whakatauhia te rohenga o raro o ia akomanga
Whakamahia te rohe o raro mō ngā raraunga tonu. Hei tauira, ko te rohe o raro o te akomanga 50–59 he 49,5.
4. Waihangahia ngā tuaka taunga
– Tuaka-X: te rohe o raro (te taha raro) o ia akomanga
– Tuaka Y: te auau whakaemi neke atu i te
5. Tuhia ngā tohu, ka hono atu
Ka tuhia ngā pūwāhi ki waenganui i te rohenga o raro me te auautanga tāpiripiri o te "neke atu i te", kātahi ka honoa ki tētahi rārangi.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Ogive Kino
He pai ngā ōgive kino mō:
– Te mōhio ki te nui o ngā raraunga kei runga ake i tētahi rohe kua whakaritea tōna uara.
– Tātarihia te ōwehenga o te "rōpū o runga" i roto i ngā raraunga, hei tauira, e hia ngā ākonga i whiwhi i te kaute neke atu i te 80.
– Hei whakataurite i te ōgīve pai hei tirotiro i te ōritetanga o te tohatoha.
Ngā Rerekētanga Matua i waenga i ngā Ogive Pai me ngā Ogive Kino
Ahakoa he ōkive rāua, he rerekē ō rāua āhuatanga:
1. Te ahunga kohikohi
– Pai: mai i te akomanga iti ki te akomanga teitei (iti iho i te)
– Kino: mai i te akomanga teitei ki te akomanga iti (neke atu i te)
2. Ngā rohe akomanga i runga i te tuaka-X
– Pai: te rohe o runga o te akomanga
– Tōraro: te rohe o raro o te akomanga
3. Puka kauwhata
– Pai: ka piki haere te maha
– Kino: ka heke haere
4. Ngā mōhiohio kua whakanuia
– Pai: ngā raraunga whakaemi i raro i tētahi uara
– Kino: raraunga whakaemi i runga ake i tētahi uara
I roto i te mahi, ka taea te whakaatu i ngā ogive e rua i te wā kotahi i runga i te papa taunga kotahi. Mēnā ka ata hangaia, ka "tūtaki" rāua ki tētahi pūwāhi motuhake, hei āwhina i te whakatau tirohanga o te waenga.
Te Whakatau i te Waenga me ngā Hauwhā ki te Ogive
Ko tētahi o ngā painga o te ogive ko tōna kaha ki te āwhina i te kimi i te rahi o te tauwāhi mā te whakairoiro:
– Tau waenga (Q2): kimihia te uara i runga i te tuaka-Y o \( \frac{N}{2} \), ko \(N\) te tapeke o ngā raraunga. Tuhia he rārangi whakapae ki te kōpiko ogive pai, kātahi ka maturuturu ki raro ki te tuaka-X.
– Te hauwhā tuatahi (Q1): whakamahia \( \frac{N}{4} \)
– Te hauwhā tuatoru (Q3): whakamahia \( \frac{3N}{4} \)
He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga ina whakarōpūhia ngā raraunga, nā te mea kāore e kitea tonutia te tau waenga i te rārangi raraunga mata.
Ngā Hapa Noa hei Ārai
I te nuinga o te wā ka puta ngā hapa e whai ake nei i roto i te hanga i ngā ōgive pai, kino rānei:
1. Whakamahia te pūwāhi waenga o te akomanga, kaua ngā rohe akomanga. Me whakamahi te ōgive i te rohe o runga, o raro rānei, kaua te pūwāhi waenga.
2. Kaua e whakamahia ngā tapa akomanga mō ngā raraunga motumotu kua whakarōpūtia. Ki te kore ngā tapa akomanga, ka puta te kauwhata he koretake.
3. Kua hē te ahunga o te auau whakaemi. He rerekē ngā ahunga whakaemi o ngā ōgive pai me ngā ōgive kino; ki te hurihia, ka hē te āhua o te kauwhata.
4. Ngā tauine tuaka kore taurite. Ka taea e ngā tauine kore taurite te whakamāoritanga hē.
Te Katinga
He huarahi whai hua te tikanga whakaatu raraunga mā te whakamahi i ngā ōgiv pai me ngā ōgiv kino ki te tiro i ngā tohatoha auau whakaemi. Ka whakanuia e ngā ōgiv pai te kohikohinga o ngā uara "iti iho i te", ka hua ake he pikinga ki runga, ko ngā ōgiv kino ia ka whakanuia te kohikohinga o ngā uara "neke atu i te", ka hua ake he pikinga ki raro. Mā ngā ōgiv, ka taea e ngā kaitātari te whakamārama i ngā tauira tohatoha, te whakataurite i ngā huinga raraunga, me te whakatau tata i ngā tau waenga me ngā hauwhā. I roto i te mātauranga, te pakihi, me te rangahau pāpori, he taputapu māmā engari he kaha ngā ōgiv mō te huri i ngā raraunga uaua ki ngā mōhiohio e ngāwari ana te mārama.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te tāpiri i tētahi tauira ripanga raraunga me te whakaoti i ngā mahi tatau auau whakaemi me tētahi tauira mō te tuhi i tētahi ogive i runga i tētahi taunga.
