Te Whakamahinga o te Ripanga Tohatoha Auautanga Whakaemi i roto i te Tukatuka Raraunga
I roto i te tukatuka raraunga, inā koa i roto i ngā tatauranga taketake, ko tētahi o ngā huarahi tino whai hua ki te whakarapopoto i ngā raraunga mata nui ko te whakamahi i tētahi ripanga tohatoha auau. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he mōhiohio ehara i te mea mō te nui o ngā raraunga e taka ana ki ia akomanga engari mō te nui o ngā raraunga e kohia ana tae noa ki tētahi paepae. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai ngā ripanga tohatoha auau whakaemi. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ēnei ripanga i roto i te mātauranga, te rangahau, te pakihi, me te aromatawai kounga nā te mea ka whakaratohia he tirohanga whānui ake mō te tohatoha raraunga, inā koa mō te tātari i ngā ōrau, ngā tau waenga, me ngā hauwhā, me te aroturuki i te whakatutukitanga o te whāinga.
Te Mārama ki ngā Ripanga Tohatoha Auautanga Whakarapopoto
Ka whakaatuhia e te ripanga tohatoha auau whakaemi te auau (te maha o ngā putanga mai o ngā raraunga) i roto i ia akomanga wā, me te whakaatu anō hoki i ngā auau e tāpirihia haeretia ana mai i te akomanga tuatahi ki tētahi akomanga motuhake. Mā ēnei uara whakaemi ka taea e tātou te kite i te maha o ngā pūwāhi raraunga he iti iho, he ōrite rānei ki tētahi rohe, he nui ake rānei i tētahi rohe, he ōrite rānei ki tētahi rohe, i runga i te momo auau whakaemi e whakamahia ana.
I te nuinga o te wā, e rua ngā momo auau whakaemi:
1. He iti iho i te auau tāpiripiri te
Ka mahia te kohikohinga mai i te akomanga iti rawa ki te akomanga teitei rawa. Mā tēnei ripanga ka māmā ake te whakatau i te maha o ngā raraunga kāore ō rātou uara e neke ake i tētahi rohe akomanga o runga.
2. He nui ake te auau tāpiri i te
Ka mahia te kohikohinga mai i te akomanga teitei ki te akomanga iti rawa. He mea whai hua tēnei ripanga mō te whakatau i te maha o ngā raraunga kei runga ake i tētahi rohe akomanga iti iho ō rātou uara.
Ka tautokona e ēnei momo e rua tētahi i tētahi, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i runga i ngā hiahia tātari.
He aha te hiranga o te Ripanga Auautanga Tāpiri?
I roto i te mahi tukatuka raraunga, ko te ripanga auau noa e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio mō te maha o ngā pūwāhi raraunga mō ia akomanga. Heoi, he maha ngā whakataunga e hiahia ana ki ngā mōhiohio mō te tūranga whanaunga o ngā raraunga i roto i te tohatoha whānui. He mea nui ngā ripanga auau tāpiri nā te mea:
– Whakarāpopototia ngā raraunga ki tētahi āhua e ngāwari ana ki te pānui, ā, he hanganga anō hoki.
– Ka āwhina i te tātari i ngā inenga tauwāhi, pērā i te waenga, ngā hauwhā, ngā tekau tau, me ngā ōrau.
– Tautoko ana i te waihanga i ngā kauwhata tatauranga, hei tauira ko ngā ogive (ngā pihi tāpiripiri).
– Te āwhina i te whakatau kaupapa, hei tauira, te whakatau i ngā paepae paetae, te wehewehenga kiritaki, te aromatawai mahi rānei.
– E whakaatu mārama ake ana i ngā tauira tohatoha raraunga, tae atu ki te mana o ētahi akomanga me te kohikohinga i roto i te wā.
Ngā Hipanga hei Waihanga i tētahi Ripanga Tohatoha Auautanga Whakaemi
Ko te whakamahinga o tēnei ripanga ka tīmata i ngā raraunga mata, kātahi ka whakarāpopototia ki ngā rōpū wā. Ko ngā mahi matua koia ēnei:
1. Kohia, ā, whakarōpūtia ngā raraunga (mēnā e tika ana)
Ehara i te mea me whakarōpū i ngā wā katoa, engari ka āwhina i te mārama ki te awhe me te kite i ngā uara tino nui.
2. Whakatauhia te whānuitanga raraunga
Awhe = uara mōrahi − uara mōkito.
3. Whakatauhia te maha o ngā akomanga āputa
Ko tētahi o ngā ture e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te tātai Sturges:
\( k = 1 + 3,3 \log n \)
ko \( n \) te maha o ngā raraunga, ā, ko \( k \) te maha o ngā akomanga.
4. Whakatauhia te whānui o te akomanga
Whānui akomanga = whānuitanga / maha o ngā akomanga (whakaawhiwhia kia ātaahua).
5. Waihangahia ngā akomanga ā-wā
Hei tauira, 50–59, 60–69, me ērā atu, e ai ki te horopaki o ngā raraunga.
6. Tātaihia te auau o ia akomanga
Ko te auautanga te maha o ngā raraunga ka taka ki roto i taua wā.
7. Tātaihia te auau whakaemi
– Mō te "iti iho i te": tāpirihia ngā auau mai i te akomanga tuatahi ki taua akomanga.
– Mō te "neke atu i te": tāpirihia ngā auau mai i te akomanga whakamutunga ki taua akomanga.
8. Tāpirihia te ōrau tāpiri (whiringa kore)
Ōrau tāpiri = (auau tāpiri / raraunga katoa) × 100%.
He tino āwhina tēnei mō te pānui i ngā ōwehenga.
Tauira Taupānga Māmā
Me kī he raraunga kaute whakamātautau mō te 40 ākonga, kātahi ka whakarōpūtia ki ngā wā e whai ake nei (hei tauira):
| Wā Uara | Auautanga (f) | Auautanga Tāpiri (≤) |
|—|—:|—:|
| 40–49 | 3 | 3 |
| 50–59 | 7 | 10 |
| 60–69 | 12 | 22 |
| 70–79 | 10 | 32 |
| 80–89 | 6 | 38 |
| 90–99 | 2 | 40 |
Mai i te ripanga, ka taea e tātou te pānui i:
– Ko te tokomaha o ngā ākonga i whiwhi i te kaute ≤ 69 he 22 ngā ākonga.
– Ko te tokomaha o ngā ākonga he ≤ 79 te kaute, e 32.
– E 40 ngā ākonga katoa, e whakaaturia ana i te auau tāpiripiri o te akomanga whakamutunga.
Ki te hiahia koe ki te waihanga i tētahi putanga "nui atu i te", ka tīmata te kohikohinga mai i te māka teitei rawa. He mea whai hua tēnei, hei tauira, ina pātai tātou: "E hia ngā ākonga i whiwhi i te 80, neke atu rānei?" Mā te ripanga kohikohinga nui atu i te , ka tere te whakautu i ngā pātai pēnei.
Ogive: Te Whakaaturanga o te Auautanga Whakaemi
Ko tētahi whakamahinga nui o ngā ripanga tohatoha auau whakaemi ko te waihanga i ngā ogive, arā, he kauwhata rārangi e tohu ana i ngā auau whakaemi. Ka whakamahia ngā ogive ki:
– Tāutuhia te tau waenga me ngā tau hauwhā mā te kauwhata.
– Te whakatairite i ngā tohatoha raraunga e rua.
– Te mātakitaki i te tohatoha me ngā ia o ngā raraunga i roto i te āhua tirohanga.
Ko te ogive "iti iho i te" ka piki ake i te taha maui ki te taha matau, ko te ogive "nui atu i te" ka heke iho. I roto i ngā tātari mahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā ogive i roto i te aromatawai mātauranga, te whakahaere kounga, me te rangahau hokohoko.
Te Whakamahinga i roto i ngā Marae Rerekē
1. Mātauranga
I roto i te aromatawai whakamātautau, i te aromatawai ako rānei, ka āwhina ngā ripanga auau whakaemi i ngā kaiako, i ngā kaiwhakaako rānei:
– Whakatauhia te uara waenga o te akomanga.
– Te ine i te tohatoha o ngā whakatutukitanga.
– Whakatauhia ngā herenga uara mō ngā kāwai (hei tauira, whakatikatika, rawaka, pai, tino pai).
– Tirohia te ōrau o ngā ākonga kei raro iho i te KKM (Paerewa Whakaoti Iti Rawa).
2. Te Ao Pakihi me te Hokohoko
He maha ngā wā ka tātarihia e ngā kamupene ngā raraunga kiritaki, ngā raraunga tauwhitinga rānei, hei tauira:
– Te tohatoha o te maha o ngā hoko mō ia kiritaki.
– Te tohatoha o ngā ingoa tauwhitinga o ia rā.
– Te wehewehenga o ngā kiritaki i runga i te whakapaunga katoa.
Mā te auau whakaemi, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakautu i ngā pātai nui pēnei i: "E hia ōrau o ngā kiritaki e whakapau ana i raro iho i te Rp. 500.000?" me "E hia ngā whakawhitiwhitinga kei runga ake i tētahi uara?"
3. Hauora me te Mate Urutā
I roto i ngā raraunga hauora, ka whakamahia ngā ripanga auau whakaemi hei:
– Te tohatoha tau o ngā tūroro.
– Te tohatoha o te toto totoka, o ngā taumata huka rānei.
– Tirohia te ōwehenga o ngā tūroro kei raro iho/kei runga ake i te paepae mōrearea.
Ka āwhina tēnei i ngā tohunga hauora ki te whakatau kaupapa e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga, pērā i te whakarite i ngā wawaotanga matua.
4. Te Whakahaere Ahumahi me te Kounga
I roto i te mahi whakaputa, ka whakamahia pinepine ngā ripanga whakaemi hei aroturuki i te kounga:
– Te tohatoha rahi o ngā hua.
– Te tohatoha o ngā hapa whakaputa.
– Te tere o te tuku.
Mā tēnei, ka taea e te kamupene te mōhio ki te ōrau o ngā hua e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa me te nui o ngā rerekētanga.
Ngā Hapa Noa me te Āhua ki te Ārai i a rātou
Ahakoa te āhua māmā noa iho, ka taea e te waihanga i tētahi ripanga auau whakaemi te hua ake i ētahi hapa, tae atu ki:
– Ngā akomanga wā e taupatupatu ana (hei tauira, 50–60 me 60–70 kāore he ture rohe mārama).
Otinga: whakamahia he ture rohenga pakari, hei tauira 50–59, 60–69, me ētahi atu.
– Kāore te auau e ōrite ki te raraunga katoa
Otinga: kia rite te maha o ngā auau ki te maha o ngā raraunga.
– Te ara hē whakaemi
Otinga: whakatau mai i te tīmatanga mēnā ka whakamahia te "iti iho i te" me te "neke atu rānei".
– Kāore i te ōrite te whānui o te akomanga
Otinga: kia ōrite te whānui o te akomanga kia tika ai te whakamārama.
Te Katinga
He taputapu tino whai hua ngā ripanga tohatoha auau tāpiripiri i roto i te tukatuka raraunga nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakaatu i ngā mōhiohio ehara i te mea mō ia akomanga anake engari mō ia raraunga tāpiripiri tae atu ki tētahi wāhi. Mai i te mātauranga ki te ahumahi, mā te whakamahi i ēnei ripanga ka taea te tātari tauwāhi, te whakaatu ā-ngāwari, me te whakatau whakatau e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga. Mā ngā mahi whakarite pūnaha me te whakatau tupato i ngā akomanga wā me ngā tātaitanga tāpiripiri, ka taea e ēnei ripanga te whakarato i tētahi turanga pakari mō ētahi atu tātari tatauranga, e whai kiko ake ana.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i tētahi tauira ripanga mai i ō raraunga mata (hei tauira, ngā māka ākonga, ngā raraunga hoko, ngā raraunga rangahau rānei) hei hanga i tētahi ripanga auau whakaemi katoa me tōna ogive.
