Te Mārama me ngā Ariā Taketake o ngā Tatauranga Whakaahua i roto i te Tātari Raraunga
Ko ngā tatauranga whakaahua tētahi o ngā tūāpapa tino nui o te tukanga tātari raraunga. I mua i te whakatau a te tangata, te matapae, te whakatau rānei i runga i ngā raraunga, ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te "mārama ki ngā raraunga" tonu. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi ai ngā tatauranga whakaahua : te āwhina ki te whakarāpopoto, te whakarite, me te whakaatu i ngā raraunga kia mārama ai te kitea o ōna tauira, ōna āhuatanga, me ōna au. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga o ngā tatauranga whakaahua me ōna ariā taketake e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te tātari raraunga.
Te Mārama ki ngā Tatauranga Whakaahua
I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā tatauranga whakaahua he peka o ngā tatauranga e aro ana ki te kohikohi, te whakarāpopoto, te whakarite, me te whakaatu raraunga hei whakarato i tētahi pikitia mārama mō tōna āhua. Ko tōna whāinga matua ehara i te whakamātautau i ngā whakapae , i te whakawhanui rānei ki tētahi taupori whānui (koinei te rohe o ngā tatauranga whakatau), engari ko te whakamārama i ngā mea e tupu ana i roto i ngā raraunga kei a koe.
Hei tauira, mēnā ka kohia e te kura ngā kaute whakamātautau pāngarau mai i te 200 ākonga, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tatauranga whakaahua hei whakautu i ngā pātai pēnei i: He aha te kaute toharite? E hia te rerekētanga o ngā kaute? He aha ngā kaute teitei me ngā kaute iti? Kei roto i tētahi awhe te nuinga o ngā kaute? He mea nui ēnei pātai hei pūtake mō te aromatawai, me te kore e hiahia ki te whakatau i ngā ākonga i ētahi atu kura.
Te Tūranga o ngā Tatauranga Whakaahua i roto i te Tātari Raraunga
I roto i te mahi tātari raraunga, ko ngā tatauranga whakaahua te taahiraa tuatahi e whakatau ana i te ahunga o te tātari e whai ake nei. Ko ōna mahi ko:
1. Whakarāpopototia ngā raraunga mata kia poto ake, kia māmā ake hoki ki te mārama.
2. Tāutuhia ngā tauira pēnei i ngā au, ngā rōpū raraunga matua, ngā āhuatanga rerekē rānei.
3. Kitea ngā hapa raraunga pērā i ngā uara koretake, ngā raraunga ngaro, te tāruarua rānei.
4. Whakaatuhia ngā mōhiohio mā te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mā roto i ngā ripanga, ngā kauwhata, me ngā whakarāpopototanga tatauranga.
5. Tautoko i te whakatau wawe, hei tauira, te whakatau i ngā rautaki hokohoko i runga i ngā whakarāpopototanga raraunga kiritaki.
Ki te kore he taahiraa whakaahua, tērā pea kāore e tika te tātaritanga anō nā te mea kāore ngā raraunga e tino mārama ana.
Ngā Momo Raraunga me ngā Tauine Ine
Kāore e taea te wehewehe i te ariā taketake o ngā tatauranga whakaahua i te māramatanga ki ngā momo raraunga me ngā tauine ine, nā te mea ko ēnei e rua hei whakatau i te tikanga whakarāpopototanga e tika ana.
1. Raraunga Kounga me te Tauanga
– Raraunga kounga (ngā kāwai): ngā raraunga kei roto i te āhua o ngā kāwai, ngā tapanga rānei, hei tauira, te ira tangata, te tūnga mahi, te kāwai hua.
– Raraunga tauanga (tau): he raraunga kei te āhua o ngā tau ka taea te tatau, te ine rānei, hei tauira, te tau, te moni whiwhi, te teitei.
2. Tauine Ine
– Ingoa: ka wehewehe noa i ngā kāwai (hei tauira: momo toto).
– Te raupapatanga: he raupapatanga kei reira, engari kāore i te tino mārama te tawhiti i waenga i ngā kāwai (hei tauira: taumata makona: iti–waenga–tiketike).
– Wā: he rite tonu te tawhiti i waenga i ngā uara, engari kāore he kore tino (hei tauira: te pāmahana Celsius).
– Ōwehenga: he ōrite te tawhiti, ā, he kore tuturu tōna (hei tauira: te taumaha o te tinana, te moni whiwhi).
He mea nui te whakatau i te tauine o ngā raraunga hei whiriwhiri i ngā ine tika mō te ia pokapū, ngā ine o te marara, me ngā whakaaturanga.
Whakaaturanga Raraunga: Ngā Ripanga me ngā Kauwhata
He maha ngā wā e hono ana ngā tatauranga whakaahua ki te whakaatu i ngā raraunga kia māmā ai te pānui me te whakamārama.
1. Ripanga Tohatoha Auautanga
E whakaatu ana te ripanga tohatoha auau i te auau o te putanga mai o tētahi uara, o tētahi kāwai rānei. He mea whai hua tēnei mō ngā huinga raraunga nui, kia poto ai te kōrero. Mō ngā raraunga tau, he maha ngā wā ka whakaritea ngā auau ki ngā wā akomanga (hei tauira, 0–10, 11–20, me ētahi atu).
2. Ngā Kauwhata me ngā Hoahoa
Ko ētahi momo tirohanga noa:
– Tūtohi pae: he pai mō ngā raraunga kāwai.
– Kauwhata porowhita: e whakaatu ana i te ōwehenga o ia kāwai (ahakoa he iti ake te whai huatanga mō te nuinga o ngā kāwai).
– Histogram: he rite ki te tūtohi pae engari mō ngā raraunga tau kua whakarōpūtia; he āwhina ki te kite i te āhua o te tohatoha.
– Te pūrua auau: he rārangi e hono ana i ngā pūwāhi auau o ia akomanga.
– Kauwhata Pouaka (kauwhata pouaka): e whakaatu ana i te tau waenga, ngā hauwhā, te tohatoha, me ngā mea kei waho pea.
Mā te whakaaturanga ka āwhina i te kite i ngā au, i ngā hapa rānei o ngā raraunga, kāore i te mārama i ētahi wā mēnā ko ngā tau anake ka tirohia.
Ngā Ine o te Auaha Waenga
Ko ngā ine o te ia matua e whakaahua ana i te uara "waenganui", te uara rānei e tino tohu ana i tētahi huinga raraunga.
1. Toharite (Toharite)
Ko te toharite ko te tapeke o ngā uara katoa i wehea ki te maha o ngā tohu raraunga. He rongonui te toharite nā te mea he ngāwari ki te mārama, engari he tairongo ki ngā mea o waho. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā raraunga whiwhinga moni, ka taea e te tangata tino whai rawa te whakapēhi i te toharite.
2. Waenga (Uara Waenga)
Ko te tau waenga te uara waenga i muri i te whakarōpūtanga o ngā raraunga. Mena he taurite te maha o ngā pūwāhi raraunga, ko te tau waenga te toharite o ngā uara waenga e rua. He ātete ake te tau waenga ki ngā mea o waho, nō reira he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia mō ngā raraunga he kore taurite ngā tohatoha.
3. Aratau (Te Uara e Puta Auau Ana)
Ko te aratau te uara e puta pinepine ana, ā, he mea whai hua mō ngā raraunga kāwai. Hei tauira, ko te aratau o ngā momo hua e hokona pinepinetia ana e tohu ana i te manakohanga matua.
Ngā Inenga o te Mararatanga
Haunga te mōhio ki te uara pokapū, he mea nui anō hoki kia mōhio ki te horapa o te raraunga mai i te pokapū.
1. Awhe
Ko te awhe te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā uara mōrahi me ngā uara mōkito. He māmā noa iho tēnei ine, engari he nui te awe o ngā mea o waho.
2. Rerekētanga me te Paerewa Rerekētanga
– Ka ine te rerekētanga i te toharite tapawhā rerekētanga o ngā uara mai i te toharite.
– Ko te paerewa rerekētanga te pūtake tapawhā o te rerekētanga, e whakamahia ana i te nuinga o te wā nā te mea he rite tonu ōna waeine ki ngā raraunga taketake.
Ka nui ake te rerekētanga paerewa, ka nui ake te taurangi o ngā raraunga; ka iti ake, ka nui ake te kohikohi o ngā raraunga huri noa i te toharite.
3. Ngā Hauwhā me te IQR (Te Awhe o Ngā Hauwhā)
Ka wehea e ngā hauwhā ngā raraunga kia whā ngā wāhanga ōrite:
– Q1 (hauwhā o raro), Q2 (waenga), Q3 (hauwhā o runga).
IQR = Q3 − E whakaatu ana te Q1 i te tohatoha o te 50% o waenganui o ngā raraunga, ā, he ātete ki ngā mea o waho.
Puka Tohatoha me ngā Mea o Waho
Ka aro atu hoki ngā tatauranga whakaahua ki te āhua o te tohatoha raraunga:
– Āhua ōrite: ka horapa ōrite ngā raraunga ki te taha mauī me te taha matau o te toharite/waenganui.
– Piko-matau: he maha ngā uara iti, he ruarua ngā uara nui.
– Piko mauī: he maha ngā uara nui, he torutoru ngā uara iti.
I taua wā, ko te uara o waho he uara e tino rerekē ana i te nuinga o ngā raraunga. Ka puta pea ngā o waho nā ngā hapa tuhi, nā ngā āhuatanga nui rānei o te ao tūturu (hei tauira, ngā tauwhitinga tino nui). He mea nui te tautuhi i ngā o waho nā te mea ka pā ki te toharite, te rerekētanga, me te whakamaoritanga whānui.
Whakamutunga
He taahiraa tuatahi nui te tatauranga whakaahua i roto i te tātari raraunga nā te mea ka āwhina i te huri i ngā raraunga mata ki ngā mōhiohio whai tikanga. Mā roto i ngā whakarāpopototanga tau (te toharite, te tau waenga, te aratau), ngā inenga marara (te whānuitanga, te paerewa rerekētanga, te IQR), me te whakaaturanga raraunga i roto i ngā ripanga me ngā kauwhata, ka taea e ngā kaitātari te mārama wawe me te tika ki ngā āhuatanga raraunga. Mā te mārama ki te momo raraunga me te tauine ine ka whakatau i te tikanga whakaahua tika. Mā tēnei turanga, ka taea te whakahaere i te tātaritanga whai muri—tae atu ki te tātari whakatau me te whakatau—i roto i te huarahi arotahi me te kawenga.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia mārama ake (me ngā tohutoro), kia pai ake mō te rangitaki, kia tāpirihia rānei ngā tauira tatau māmā me ngā whakaahua ripanga/kauwhata.
