Tātari Raraunga Mā te Whakamahi i ngā Porogoni Auau i roto i ngā Tatauranga
I roto i ngā tatauranga, he mea nui te whakaaturanga raraunga i mua i te whakatau whakatau. He uaua ki te mārama i ngā raraunga e titoa ana i te tīmatanga he tau mata mena kāore i te tika te whakarite me te whakaatu. Ko tētahi huarahi whai hua ki te whakaatu i te tohatoha raraunga ko te whakamahi i ngā polygon auau. Mā ngā polygon auau ka taea e tātou te kite i ngā tauira tohatoha raraunga, ngā ia o ngā uara matua, me te āhua o te tohatoha (hei tauira, he ōrite, he piko, he neke atu rānei i te kotahi te tihi). Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā o ngā polygon auau, me pēhea te hanga, me pēhea te whakamārama, me ō rātou whakamahinga i roto i te tātari raraunga tatauranga.
Te Mārama ki ngā Poronika Auau
He kauwhata rārangi te porowhita auau e whakaatu ana i te tohatoha auau o ngā raraunga kua whakarōpūtia. Ka hangaia tēnei kauwhata mā te hono i ngā pūwāhi e tohu ana i ngā auau i ngā pūwāhi waenga o te akomanga. Kāore i rite ki te histogram, he mea tito mai i ngā pae, he rārangi te porowhita auau, e māmā ake ai te whakataurite a ngā kaimātakitaki i ngā tauira tohatoha o ngā rōpū raraunga maha i roto i te kauwhata kotahi.
He maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā porowhita auau ina hiahia tātou ki te whakaatu maeneene ake i ngā huringa, i ngā au rānei o te auau. Hei tauira, i te tātari i ngā kaute whakamātautau, te teitei, te taumaha, ngā raraunga whakaputa rānei, ka taea e ngā porowhita auau te whakaatu mēnā kei te nuinga o ngā raraunga e kukū ana i roto i tētahi awhe, kei te tohatoha ōrite rānei.
Āhea ka whakamahia ngā taparau auau?
Ka whakamahia ngā porowhita auau ina:
1. I roto i te āhua o ngā raraunga tauanga (hei tauira, uara, taumaha, teitei, wā).
2. Kua whakarōpūtia, kua hiahiatia rānei kia whakarōpūtia ki ngā wā akomanga.
3. Me whakarite kia rua, neke atu rānei ngā tohatoha i roto i te kauwhata kotahi, nā te mea he māmā ake te whakarārangi i ngā rārangi i ngā pae histogram.
He tino whai hua hoki ngā momorau auau i te wāhanga tātari raraunga tūhura, arā, ina hiahia ngā kairangahau ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga whānui o ngā raraunga i mua i te whakahaere i ētahi atu tātaritanga pēnei i ngā whakamātautau tatauranga, te whakatauira, te matapae rānei.
Ngā Wāhanga Hira i roto i te Poronika Auautanga
Hei waihanga i tētahi porowhita auau, me mārama ki ētahi wāhanga taketake:
– Te wā akomanga: te whānuitanga o ngā uara e wehewehe ana i ngā raraunga ki ētahi rōpū.
– Auautanga: te maha o ngā raraunga i whakaurua i ia wā akomanga.
– Waenganui akomanga: te uara waenga o tētahi wā i tatauhia mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[
\text{Waenganui} = \frac{\text{rohenga raro} + \text{rohenga runga}}{2}
\]
– Ngā tuaka X me Y: kei te tuaka X te pūwāhi o te akomanga, ko te tuaka Y ia e whakaatu ana i te auau.
Mā tēnei wāhanga, ka taea e tātou te tuhi i ngā pūwāhi (waenganui, auau) kātahi ka hono i aua pūwāhi hei rārangi.
Ngā Hipanga hei Waihanga i tētahi Porona Auautanga
Ko ngā mahi whānui e whai ake nei mō te waihanga i tētahi porowhita auau mai i ngā raraunga mata:
1. Te Whakarite Raraunga me te Whakatau i ngā Akomanga Maha
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te whakarite i ngā raraunga mata. Whai muri i tēnā, whakatauhia te maha o ngā akomanga (k). Ko tētahi huarahi rongonui ko te tātai a Sturges:
\[
k = 1 + 3{,}3 \log(n)
\]
ko te \(n\) te maha o ngā raraunga.
2. Whakatauhia te Awhe me te Whānui o te Akomanga
Tātaihia te whānuitanga raraunga:
\[
R = x_{\text{max}} – x_{\text{min}}
\]
Kātahi ka taea te tatau i te whānui o te akomanga:
\[
p = \frac{R}{k}
\]
Ko te whānui o ngā akomanga ka whakaawhiwhia kia māmā ake ai te whakamahi.
3. Waihangahia he Ripanga Tohatoha Auautanga
Whakaritea ngā wā ā-akomanga, kātahi ka tatauhia te maha o ngā raraunga e taka ana ki ia wā. Ko te hua he ripanga tohatoha auau.
4. Tātaihia te Waenganui o ia Akomanga
Mō ia wā, tatauhia te pūwāhi waenga. Ka whakamahia tēnei pūwāhi waenga ki te tuaka-X.
5. Te Waihanga i tētahi Kauwhata
– Whakatakotoria te pūwāhi o te akomanga ki te tuaka X.
– Whakatakotoria te auau ki te tuaka Y.
– Tātaitia ngā takirua pūwāhi (waenganui, auau).
– Honoa ngā pūwāhi ki tētahi rārangi tika.
Kia tika ai te "katia" o te polygon, ka tāpirihia tētahi pūwāhi ki te tīmatanga me te mutunga me te auau kore, ki waenganui o te akomanga i mua i te akomanga tuatahi, ā, i muri i te akomanga whakamutunga.
Tauira Māmā o te Whakamārama
Hei tauira, ko te pūrua auau e whakaatu ana i tōna tihi teitei rawa atu i waenganui o te 70, me te auau teitei rawa atu. E tohu ana tēnei ko te uara e puta pinepine ana ko te 70, e kī ana ko te nuinga o ngā mahi a ngā ākonga kei te taha o taua uara. Mena ka heke tere te pūrua ki te taha matau (ngā uara nui) ka toro atu ki te taha maui (ngā uara iti), ka piko pea te tohatoha raraunga ki te taha maui; i tetahi atu taha, ki te toro atu ki te taha matau, ka piko te tohatoha ki te taha matau.
Haunga te āhua, ko te pikinga o te rārangi e tohu ana i ngā huringa o te auau i waenga i ngā akomanga. Ko te pikinga koi e tohu ana i te pikinga nui o te maha o ngā pūwāhi raraunga i roto i te akomanga e whai ake nei. Ko te hekenga koi e tohu ana i te ritenga kē.
Te Auautanga o te Polygon me te Histogram
Ahakoa e whakaahua ana ngā mea e rua i ngā tohatoha auau, he rerekētanga nui kei reira:
1. Āhua tirohanga
– Histogram: ngā pae tata.
– Te pūrua auau: ngā rārangi e hono ana i ngā pūwāhi.
2. Ngāwari o te whakatairite
– He uaua te whakarārangi i ngā histogram mō te nuinga o ngā rōpū.
– He māmā ake te whakatairite i ngā porowhita auau i roto i te kauwhata kotahi.
3. Te mārama ki te tauira
– Mā ngā taparau ka mārama ake te āhua whānui o te pihi tohatoha.
– Mā te histogram ka taea te tiro taipitopito i te hanganga o te akomanga.
I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia ngā poronika auau i runga i ngā histogram: ka honoa ngā pūwāhi o ia pae histogram e tētahi rārangi.
Ngā Painga o ngā Polygon Auautanga i roto i te Tātari Raraunga
Ehara i te mea he whakaahua noa ngā polygon auau, engari he taputapu tātari. Ko ētahi o ō rātou painga:
1. Kia mōhio ki te pokapū raraunga (te iahiko pokapū)
Ko te tihi o te polygon e tohu ana i te akomanga aratau, arā, te wā me te auau teitei rawa.
2. Tirohia te tohatoha (te rerekētanga)
Ko ngā tapanga whānui e tohu ana i ngā raraunga kanorau ake; ko ngā tapanga whaiti e tohu ana i ngā raraunga kukū ake.
3. Aromatawaihia te puka tohatoha
Ka taea e ngā tohatoha te ōrite, te piko, te rua-ara rānei (e rua ngā tihi). He mea nui tēnei hei whakatau i ngā tikanga tātari atu.
4. Te whakataurite i ngā rōpū
Hei tauira, mā te whakatairite i ngā uara o te akomanga A me te akomanga B, ngā hua whakaputa rānei o te mīhini 1 me te mīhini 2. Ka taea te tuhi tahi i ngā tapatoru e rua hei kite i te rerekētanga o te tohatoha.
5. Te kimi i ngā raraunga rerekē
Mena he iti ngā tihi e tawhiti ana i te tihi matua, tera pea he rerekē ngā rōpū raraunga, he hapa tāuru, he rerekē rānei.
Ngā Hapa Noa me ngā Tohutohu Tūkino
Ko ētahi hapa noa i te waihanga i ngā porowhita auau ko:
– Whakamahia ngā rohe akomanga ki te tuaka-X, kaua ki ngā pūwāhi waenga akomanga.
– Kāore i te ōrite te whānui o ngā akomanga, ā, ka puta he whakamāoritanga hē.
– Kāore e tāpirihia he pūwāhi auau kore ki ngā pito, nō reira te āhua nei kei te "iri" te polygon.
– Tauine tuaka taurite kore.
Ngā tohutohu pai mō te mahi kai:
– Whakamahia ngā wā akomanga ōrite.
– Whakaratohia he taitara mārama, he tapanga tuaka, me te tauine.
– Ki te whakataurite i ngā rōpū e rua, whakamahia ngā tae/rārangi rerekē, me te tāpiri i tētahi poutohu.
– Kia tino mōhio kei iti rawa, kei maha rawa rānei te maha o ngā akomanga, kia mārama tonu ai te tauira tohatoha.
Te Katinga
He tino whai hua ngā porowhita auau mō te whakaaturanga tatauranga hei mārama ki te tohatoha o ngā raraunga kua whakarōpūtia. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūwāhi waenga me ngā auau o te akomanga, ka whakaatu ngā porowhita auau i tētahi pikitia mārama o ngā tauira raraunga, ka ngāwari te whakataurite puta noa i ngā rōpū, ā, ka āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga o te tohatoha i mua i te whakahaere i ētahi atu tātaritanga. I roto i te mahi tatauranga, ko te kaha ki te pānui me te hanga i ngā porowhita auau he pūkenga taketake nui, inā koa mō te tātari raraunga tauanga. Mā te hanganga akomanga tika me te whakamaoritanga tupato, ka taea e ngā porowhita auau te noho hei taputapu māmā engari he kaha hei tautoko i te whakatau kaupapa e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga.
