Me pēhea te tatau i te whānuitanga raraunga i roto i te tātari tatauranga
Ko te awhe raraunga tētahi o ngā mehua marara māmā rawa atu i roto i te tātari tatauranga. Ahakoa te āhua taketake, he mea nui te awhe ki te whakarato i tētahi tirohanga whānui mō te whānuitanga o te rerekētanga o ngā uara i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga. I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te awhe hei tīmatanga i mua i te tatau i ngā mehua marara uaua ake, pērā i te rerekētanga, te paerewa rerekētanga, te awhe interquartile rānei. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga o te awhe raraunga, tōna tātai, ngā mahi tatau, ngā tauira, me ōna painga me ōna herenga i roto i te tātari tatauranga.
Te Mārama ki te Awhe Raraunga
Ko te whānuitanga o tētahi huinga raraunga ko te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā uara nui rawa (mōrahi) me ngā uara iti rawa (iti rawa) i roto i tētahi huinga raraunga. Arā, ko te whānuitanga e tohu ana i te "tawhiti" o ngā uara raraunga mai i te mea iti rawa ki te mea teitei rawa. Ko te whānuitanga nui e tohu ana i te uara raraunga horapa ake. Ko te whānuitanga iti e tohu ana i te uara raraunga kiato ake, kia ōrite ake rānei.
Hei tauira māmā noa iho, mēnā ko ngā kaute whakamātautau a te ākonga i ētahi kaupapa he 60, 75, 80, me te 90, ko te whānuitanga o ngā raraunga he 90 − 60 = 30. Mā tēnei ka puta he mōhiohio tere e whakaatu ana he rerekē ngā kaute a te ākonga i roto i te whānuitanga o te 30 ngā piro.
Ngā Painga o te Awhe Raraunga i roto i ngā Tatauranga
He whai hua ngā awhe raraunga mō:
1. Whakarāpopoto tere i ngā raraunga: Ka whakarato i tētahi tirohanga whānui o ngā rerekētanga raraunga me te kore he tātaitanga uaua.
2. Te whakatairite i ngā rōpū raraunga e rua: Hei tauira, ko te whānuitanga o ngā uara mō te akomanga A ki te akomanga B.
3. Te kimi i ngā rerekētanga tino nui: Ka taea e ngā awhe te tohu i ngā taumata teitei o te kore taurite.
4. Ngā taahiraa tuatahi o te tātari: I mua i te tātaritanga anō, ka āwhina te awhe ki te mārama ki te āhua o ngā raraunga.
I roto i ngā tātaritanga tatauranga whānui, kāore te whānuitanga e whakamahia ko ia anake. Heoi, hei tohu tīmatanga, he tino whai hua, inā koa mō ngā raraunga āputa, ōwehenga rānei.
Tātai Awhe Raraunga
He tino māmā te tātai o te awhe raraunga:
Awhe (R) = Uara mōrahi − Uara iti rawa
Kei hea:
– Ko te uara mōrahi ko te raraunga nui rawa atu i roto i te huinga raraunga.
– Ko te uara iti rawa ko ngā raraunga iti rawa i roto i te huinga raraunga.
– Ko R te awhe raraunga.
Nā te mea e rua noa ngā pito whakamutunga e uru ana, ka taea te tatau tere i te awhe mā te ringa, mā te whakamahi rānei i te pūmanawa.
Ngā Hipanga hei Tatau i te Awhe Raraunga
Anei ngā mahi whai hua mō te tatau i te awhe raraunga:
1. Kohia ngā raraunga hei tātaritanga
Me whakarite kia oti ngā raraunga, ā, kia tutuki hoki ngā hiahia tātari.
2. Tāutuhia te uara iti rawa
Kimihia te uara iti rawa o ngā raraunga katoa.
3. Tāutuhia te uara mōrahi
Kimihia te uara nui rawa atu o ngā raraunga katoa.
4. Tangohia te uara mōrahi mai i te uara iti rawa
Ko te hua o tēnei whakaiti ko te awhe raraunga.
Hei whakangāwari ake i ngā mahi, ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā raraunga mai i te iti ki te rahi. Mā tēnei whakarōpūtanga ka taea hoki te kite ā-kanohi i ngā tauira raraunga.
Tauira o te Tātaitanga o te Awhe Raraunga (Raraunga Takitahi)
Hei tauira, kei reira ngā raraunga wā haere (i roto i ngā meneti) mō te 8 tāngata:
12, 15, 10, 18, 14, 11, 20, 16
Ngā kaupae:
– Uara iti rawa = 10
– Uara mōrahi = 20
– Awhe = 20 − 10 = 10
Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko te rerekētanga mōrahi o te wā haere i roto i te rōpū he 10 meneti te rerekētanga i waenga i te mea tere me te mea puhoi.
Tauira o te Tatau i te Awhe Raraunga i runga i ngā Raraunga Kua Whakaritea
Ngā raraunga teitei (cm):
150, 152, 155, 155, 158, 160, 165
– Uara iti rawa = 150
– Uara mōrahi = 165
– Awhe = 165 − 150 = 15
Ahakoa he maha ngā uara e tāruaruatia ana, ka noho tonu te tatau awhe nā te mea ko ngā uara tino nui anake ka whakaarohia.
Awhe Raraunga i roto i ngā Raraunga Rōpū
I roto i ngā raraunga rōpū (hei tauira, ngā tohatoha auau), ka tatauhia te whānuitanga o ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i ngā rohenga karaehe o raro me o runga. I roto i ētahi pukapuka tatauranga, ka taea te whakatau tata i te whānuitanga mō ngā raraunga rōpū penei:
R ≈ Te rohe o runga o te akomanga teitei rawa − Te rohe o raro o te akomanga iti rawa
Tauira: Ko te tohatoha o ngā kaute whakamātautau kei roto ko ngā wā:
– 40–49
– 50–59
– 60–69
– 70–79
– 80–89
Nā reira:
– Te rohenga o raro o te akomanga iti rawa = 40
– Te rohenga o runga o te akomanga teitei rawa = 89
– Awhe ≈ 89 − 40 = 49
Me mōhio ko ētahi huarahi e whakamahi ana i ngā rohe akomanga hei whakapiki i te tika, hei tauira 39,5 me te 89,5, nō reira ka huri te awhe ki te 50. Ko te kōwhiringa o te tikanga ka whakawhirinaki ki te āhua o te whakaawhiwhinga o ngā raraunga me te paerewa i whakamahia.
Te Whakamārama i te Awhe Raraunga
Kāore te whānuitanga o ngā raraunga e kī tika ana mēnā he "pai" he "kino" rānei ngā raraunga, engari he āwhina ki te whakamārama i te horopaki.
– Awhe iti: He ōrite, he pumau rānei ngā raraunga. Hei tauira, he iti noa iho te awhe o tētahi pāmahana rūma e whakahaeretia pai ana.
– He whānuitanga nui: He rerekē ngā raraunga, he nui rānei ngā rerekētanga. Hei tauira, he whānui rawa te whānuitanga o ngā whiwhinga moni ā-whare i roto i tētahi tāone.
Heoi anō, me whakarerekē te whakamāramatanga ki te tauine. Tērā pea kāore te whānuitanga o te 10 i roto i ngā raraunga kaute whakamātautau i te rite ki te whānuitanga o te 10 i roto i ngā raraunga pāmahana, taumaha rānei.
Ngā Painga o te Awhe Raraunga
He maha ngā painga o ngā awhe raraunga:
1. Ngāwari ki te tatau: Ko ngā uara mōrahi me ngā uara iti anake e hiahiatia ana.
2. Tere ki te mārama: He pai mō ngā pūrongo poto, mō te tūhuratanga tuatahi rānei.
3. He whai hua mō te kimi wawe: He āwhina ki te kite mēnā he tino rerekētanga nui kei roto i ngā raraunga.
Hei tauira, i te ao pakihi, ka taea e ngā awhe hoko o ia rā te āwhina i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te mārama ki ngā piki me ngā heke tino nui o tētahi wā kua whakaritea.
Ngā Herenga o te Awhe Raraunga
Ahakoa he whai hua, he ngoikoretanga nui anō hoki ō ngā awhe raraunga:
1. Te whakawhirinaki nui ki ngā uara tino nui: Mā te uara rerekē kotahi (he uara tino tawhiti rawa) ka āhua whānui te awhe ahakoa he tata te nuinga o ngā raraunga tetahi ki tetahi.
2. Kāore e whakaahua i te tohatoha whānui: Ka titiro noa te awhe ki ngā pito o ngā raraunga, kāore e whakarato i ngā mōhiohio mō ngā rerekētanga kei waenganui.
3. Kāore i te tino pumau mō ngā tauira iti: I ngā tauira iti, ka taea e te awhe te tino rerekē mēnā he uara tāpiri kotahi.
Hei tauira, ko te awhe o ngā raraunga: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 he 4. Mēnā ka tāpirihia tētahi uara o te 100, ka huri tonu te awhe ki te 90, ahakoa kei te tata tonu te nuinga o ngā uara ki te 10–14.
Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia te awhe e ētahi atu inenga pēnei i te paerewa rerekētanga, te awhe interquartile (IQR) rānei, he ātete ake ki ngā mea o waho.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whānuitanga o tētahi huinga raraunga te mehua whānui māmā rawa atu i roto i ngā tatauranga, ka tatauhia hei rerekētanga i waenga i ngā uara mōrahi me ngā uara mōkito. Ahakoa tōna māmā, he tino whai hua te whānuitanga mō te whiwhi māramatanga tuatahi ki te rerekētanga raraunga, te whakatairite i ngā rōpū, me te tautuhi i ngā uara tino kaha pea. Heoi, nā te mea he nui te awe o ngā mea o waho, ā, kāore e tino whakaatu i te tohatoha o ngā raraunga, he pai ake te whakamahi i te whānuitanga me ētahi atu mehua tatauranga.
Mā te mārama ki te tatau me te whakamārama i ngā awhe raraunga, ka taea e koe te mahi tātari tatauranga taketake kia tere ake, kia tika ake hoki, me te whakatau tuatahi me te tautoko i ngā whakarāpopototanga raraunga mārama.
